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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old2 R& n! c5 E- d0 P8 \" r
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
8 a- c( N9 S+ H$ t4 Z' vExposure to Testosterone
) m1 i9 p9 Z4 \: I: W' c w! Y+ c- Y4 FSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2; z7 F1 _# H7 E1 Q$ ~
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ G/ F$ _' ?+ K
Clinical Pediatrics
7 m. ]+ _1 B5 I6 qVolume 46 Number 6
! l% E3 Q( E8 dJuly 2007 540-543& Z& C, H+ L) m" I5 k8 H1 R" @8 l
© 2007 Sage Publications" I Z5 b% V$ T) P1 I
10.1177/0009922806296651
/ n4 X. I8 L1 V5 D' Phttp://clp.sagepub.com7 i q# y# `1 h% m# O# Y4 p* D
hosted at
5 Q+ I1 _. \7 U/ l0 U( x! Ohttp://online.sagepub.com
( c. t* S/ v: i/ xPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
L s$ Q! y. r" t4 _5 K9 Uis a significant concern for physicians. Central9 H% T2 i) E! y6 p
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated0 i; ]' i0 w5 m5 K3 [+ ^0 ]; g
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
5 {0 w1 {' E7 n9 C+ S/ ca higher incidence of organic central nervous system! z+ ~, q8 G& d
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
2 ?/ k" C8 L1 M8 A1 f; Xby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
5 v1 i1 D S/ H! ohair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
0 L4 Y# k8 G% z- s& J& wcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We j" ]$ z% w0 c, `$ ]
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( }+ a, ]% [1 T2 y! m4 K3 Menlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-4 @; E' u2 |" K$ n+ w7 p
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
7 D; S: x3 {8 j# x6 nto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
* M Q# |- B) m) e* `the father. The family initially concealed this infor-0 }! s" t/ B) R' Z: W" }/ l+ x
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 u3 z4 A6 |2 k0 L7 g8 p* r+ |child. Given the widespread and easy availability of6 S( ^) p6 j# e$ V: Y, P' q1 W
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-1 g3 x! C* k; d2 x8 Q) l
bly more common than the rare case report in the
& g' w& W2 E4 x R, ~& ?literature.4
! Z$ [2 L$ G. s( o$ v6 i) DPatient Report7 c8 w- Q. C. c' n
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
( @2 J; l2 x: q- ~& _. o! T, rendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern3 b9 K/ L z. E& A: A0 w
of early sexual development. His mother noticed1 H/ R/ r' m: k: n+ p4 A
light colored pubic hair development when he was
) v2 T- E: n" N# ^From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of4 h" r4 L+ r2 g, z+ _/ O/ x( @
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.$ M- Z$ j& e5 y( z0 t
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,# \! x- C3 |0 z$ v! r/ t
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of! D6 a4 @6 n9 _* h+ T) \" n
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;% Z" L }' Y$ ~. J; S `1 X
e-mail: [email protected].+ N' Q7 X; W P5 ^
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
+ I% {% [% M2 u& edarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ d2 S4 Y m6 M5 e1 _4 _: B- F
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
# y; r/ H+ U% T9 O5 [2 D. Mwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
" d) y, d7 W4 |& ?0 U' Ka birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
5 O' f& g7 j$ a! ?* {20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
- e) _ D+ W$ k j1 q( L6 d4 Rof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
" [: Q9 I1 x# V' u9 tsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
" s4 U& M; l+ b" Q1 e! d0 {% \0 ]and his psychosocial and psychomotor development p# _( g+ i" S' L1 X1 K- a3 B: O
was age appropriate.7 ^/ n- N5 R: Z+ x/ T' G
The family history was remarkable for the father,
# k0 \0 n& }% j) @+ C% r" ~who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,0 U( }$ l$ k! u: d1 Y' t0 O! X q- S
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
2 @0 _; {3 S# e1 Z* t! |height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
/ p4 v' s' G% o9 Nearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
0 p# H, P" Z' V8 f$ x8 IThe father denied taking any other medication. The
; j: L& q7 L$ y: L6 [child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
6 _# r' O0 z1 Q1 k; Y% F/ m& Ewas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet! H9 `2 q. h9 a0 B
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-/ C0 c4 i# F4 n! ^, J' Z: Z) v
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
3 [5 g4 m# B9 jtives. There were no siblings.
- v1 u$ C b, e& w5 y4 z/ qPhysical Examination' Y8 B, {5 y2 T9 `) ^5 [
The physical examination revealed a very active,6 A, ]7 c, C, T) P
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented" ~7 n- J- M. L( ?% X0 y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
6 {* X: |' W5 ?90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
( B7 N4 d( O' k. A/ n/ g0 c) s(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
+ ~4 m, E% M+ A! N0 Hvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of+ j& W' J2 ~4 T. [. c6 b) J5 l6 e
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
7 ~$ H! d0 P6 p+ H% HThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for% n% `* w" q: t8 e( Z/ q
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
8 f8 R9 h3 a! i6 N/ C8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well. U3 H" i1 L: j; [8 Z6 i' [! ]
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 G( Y- V1 N" u) F7 c( M$ p8 _& A
540
- {: _ L1 n2 Rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# \: a& b6 q, a" o, O }6 B; O4 t$ ?the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The8 f2 Y4 h8 x: y+ @4 w/ P' P
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
) K% }. [: R2 U% o) t7 y/ mThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
* Z j, B% Q* a" ooily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
: U2 |( d7 o1 N2 Dabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots./ C& O% u" S# t5 f* ]0 t% }: H
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
8 `1 T; B+ C5 V* h7 u& vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion: R- _1 k( }& x% m7 ?% d4 c
of papilledema./ V% R. p0 j! P6 c
Laboratory Evaluation
4 l1 g: n5 @& K2 E& K7 U9 a' ZThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
" X7 Y Y2 K1 P' }7 ?' Rusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
. p& J7 n0 y2 e* U/ r hlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 R1 |& o( H. s! g3 m, O
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
/ c2 U0 u) ~: t% Kshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
# Y% S5 ]$ V2 p8 ~+ hlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., k8 {6 n! Q$ `2 H2 {
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood- B' d% c- f0 S" Y2 [
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
6 J0 E6 g( |; j. p+ @0 u8 ?; zwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
! q% k' N$ P: s. f( C; lof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
( m7 Y* y* _! x2 G/ ^+ n(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20/ o5 y# J1 r; ?9 |+ x- F
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-/ K. B1 A# t( d2 s: k
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
& g* ^( ~, S) ?, @desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
+ s o3 {& [4 f* ]6 z! _49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; B( T3 W( }) [6 jwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-+ h, N9 P$ A7 l3 m' m
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total( Y( y' Z$ m% c; l. f
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
5 M; { b+ a& e, _6 w0 [7 W" A7 Sand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than# G9 \4 d5 H1 H& l
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular" C' n( U% B! T1 _- j' Y3 P& x
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
4 k6 x9 R- [+ t# Econcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
c F1 u) V4 x4 u! d(prepubertal).
' U- R! m0 Q/ N9 p8 W" zThe parents were notified about the laboratory
B, z" o5 }( m( q- ^2 J: oresults and were informed that all of the tests were
1 X8 ^( v2 E% h' a' n Ynormal except the testosterone level was high. The1 n2 N4 F2 P1 D x# _
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
1 T- j Z( U7 s" U5 i1 E* g+ Gobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-# H: N/ r! {+ A/ W
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.4 i w: z9 F' V) N
Physical examination at this time revealed that the( ~; D2 R0 C! t
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
$ z* w' N+ S. E- U' n2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
/ j9 w1 d( O @- t z8 J, tunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-3 _# f$ P! \' Y% Z( y3 F
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at P Q& K, q' o3 m% B
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2# E) Q: h& T3 n& P( b8 k+ X) ^) n
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.9 k% f |# ]/ F+ b' g& f! a
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
/ v; _1 x( Z9 F6 y7 [ing frequent erections.' |0 s! F% ~( S Y: {
Both parents were again questioned about use of' y; X0 ^' V9 I' V9 ?8 u
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
6 U4 c* |) @( s% `( f4 Wthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
/ U1 z' _' X- Q+ LTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 n4 C4 ^% Q8 C1 T
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
# I- Z. {# j3 v8 n1 W7 F" `& hing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
$ T* a. m: Y' s- d2 B6 Ba year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
6 S( g$ o' K) y: K& zto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-$ ~" C, _+ V2 p8 R; _) _
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido* I/ U4 f3 A, E% `
secondary to depression.
# }4 m$ K; u$ w/ \% t+ KThe child slept in the same bed with parents.3 U5 r9 B2 u+ ]( y4 x0 z
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
5 B% D) n0 { J2 E+ o e3 vchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) H, L* w5 c# \- l2 q5 J- n0 ~nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
H V* }$ T, F6 r( ^- p7 Y* bThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
0 g+ `8 W: |5 B1 jwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby+ \$ u9 G, ^9 l# B9 j4 O
was high, he then read the product information
, a+ R: r" T" V# q# J% Lpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
' T* r, e8 [. y' C" t6 t: lson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
[/ Y8 X# Q+ U( b! Vdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
1 l( i0 u, }! n. K2 z& \father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
2 \( l4 k2 C/ J$ }( R! V/ ?+ zbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone/ N7 U( l! l$ d* p9 W
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
9 a) v0 U& n4 A/ h' @9 N- Rlaboratory to obtain the test.
4 B1 F6 ?0 i% y* w. P1 gDiscussion7 K t9 n3 h/ {$ |/ ]' m& ?; g
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
+ m4 Z6 i/ k$ J+ i' J5 n" G" [sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4) K/ R$ e/ t3 ?# O4 P! m
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: m4 S0 V0 w0 D; C/ h5 G
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
' @% O) n+ |- t6 Kthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-; I. x+ ?9 u( W* I
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
) Y6 {, X4 l. \+ o5 `% ?. Pmay have a central nervous system lesion that is# n5 b( d9 n! S0 L5 P
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
# [, {- D9 z) k( {0 pamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-* J- g- \, p$ x& P. z7 I
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
& w6 R& Z" }, I0 `3 qboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-) T6 y& Q6 L" r$ X1 ^
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-5 p& G/ ]; o0 A! u
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
, ?( ~$ H! u0 ]( ~6 Sgonadotropins.1,35 l& ]% {+ e2 C/ k; h. |& ^; o
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
7 B9 O& V8 R( e, a4 B) V2 xcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate) B; _- {& _7 Y9 T6 ^2 W/ y, s, f! ]
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
- H) A$ M5 P9 I! W @# Hexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-4 |6 t/ }2 J ?, u. ~" }8 ^3 Y8 B% C
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
. M1 e% G+ q- j2 Z$ ~2 Q8 Bcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
8 T4 O6 u; |% S. G& f: U% hadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious9 q1 ^5 Q6 K& R" D( d
puberty in boys.3,4- _( m* W/ i2 K H
The most common form of congenital adrenal" J! h, }$ t& I, p% m
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.2 u$ x- N, `& y6 w- e# |
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
$ W+ k- ~/ M8 n5 R7 e$ `excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
" p; X+ t. `! @0 s+ xan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen6 x& Z) U5 v' d4 V5 p: h! ^7 T2 ^
excess.1,30 {3 [2 P [7 s9 ~
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. \# ]# L' ~4 D
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
. N( Z# U0 f! m3 LA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
+ }; o/ g* |: v4 Jindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
+ d" f# y; N( sas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
. P( v+ g, U2 q- s+ i6 Lvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
' n0 u7 ]& L1 [with this disorder are full pubertal development,1 X+ Y2 e! x) a1 L& o
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys% G9 S7 e' J1 G. R: w
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
% ]. y* i; U1 P/ S+ iare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
& A. ^5 `7 T. \, a% D6 G1 ]pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- w( H; S9 s! T- E E! q, C
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
4 a: u& C0 X2 \4 P& H1 M2 hautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
4 D; X0 k$ G0 C# p3 b. Wmales; therefore, other male members of the family
8 T! d# L* I' x4 gmay have similar precocious puberty.3" s( K% q2 d3 {. u5 g( D
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
% T4 A9 E. S; i: Fsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-$ A7 t; {6 x+ |, ?2 n* S0 X; u
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
9 t" j- b# S% `' P4 M& }was in the differential diagnosis because his father- T* N ]$ F5 o( Q5 l7 v m/ j- _
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,* U' T# i7 C$ r8 {
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the( I1 P$ o( N, V+ n/ |
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-3 O6 o; O. ~! V
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
. n W' Q3 S! |. Sbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,! }/ h/ n3 P* s+ w
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
_/ l, E; y& w' F: Cdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
% |; ?6 S3 C9 o, ]3 ]# S& }ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
' l) O# l6 n I9 i w! s1 D6 F" K4 DThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
$ _& G6 V" A- E2 O7 A' \suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
, z: f4 Q' f/ r" _: ?# jthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
, O p& o; e% u2 Tpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and$ u/ v. I( i7 O/ x& ^
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-* n }' G# p/ {4 k6 L' t$ T
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
& Y3 G5 B+ T7 h8 _& E4 Qusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’) l+ ]9 X6 F5 R) P
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
% Y5 ~. A8 A( c8 w7 e0 x0 Lcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to% [* W: l5 f( a$ F) o, z/ n
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
3 {' u. S/ y. ^ d& F& B3 T7 S* PSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
" ~0 D7 J8 u/ Y# v# g4 Cbaseline value in those females who were exposed to! P. T* A9 [# {8 ~
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
) L3 H5 ~& V+ k- x+ D1 x7 T3 Jpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
3 h+ K+ Z+ ?9 r" f8 T: A/ n5 Mtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.7 c1 C) B7 O4 ]/ Y' A
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,' P& w; N b7 N7 [
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that; [1 [* y8 Z& H" J
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
; D$ j E& \5 v) [' g, zterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
% f. _4 e5 j4 oactive in young children exposed to testosterone2 ]" I9 Y% W# s& u
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
4 m9 _3 Q" U+ p1 g' }5 ?drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to( |8 |' M3 p6 k. N+ _# s+ e, x6 r! n
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
+ \$ _8 }* { m) Xchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 a* k. L* y- {. z9 zadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.4 [ D- f+ X$ b9 l
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
' B9 A% e8 O$ T0 A3 dearly childhood on pubertal development and final
2 f1 X! ~5 g! t1 A0 ]8 T& ]adult height are not fully known and always remain
; ]. F5 s! c. N1 Q O3 }7 ~. za concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
" f" b/ b1 L; \* o/ ?terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some- W6 G, `. @+ M5 O6 Q5 y
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
! ]2 w5 y9 K' _ Y. @7 ocessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation. j- o0 f9 f# k6 e
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,93 [: a. ^2 D& o1 i* v. {
There are conflicting reports and controversy3 E; Y4 `) U+ O+ @
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
n9 P4 w- Y3 `( spenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
; l" K7 z8 h5 r$ h+ S# Z/ sadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
( e) a/ @) a" G5 { e) hulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,( r+ A, m9 v- k+ C
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between6 |5 V o3 H" m
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult# T$ s) P" C. W* ^
penile length in clinical studies.# q* x( n- K1 @$ g9 \ ?* ]# P
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is* w B- T% i. ]' e; H# X. H2 W
going to experience any of the untoward effects from. L) P* \+ U3 G+ [
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because, V3 ^0 e v$ C) W5 w! ^" e+ m
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.2 w( k* s* D- ~% G+ Z
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
0 I, a# c1 h6 Rdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
5 Y" |7 B6 n2 G$ Kthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult. e% a2 H y% S! ^
height will not be affected.7 z( l) |6 Z1 Y2 }6 n. o* x2 N
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
8 w* d$ d! T( C/ a. y/ k1 ?" }8 k9 v4 Yability of androgen products in our society may% H/ [1 n# ]" d* g* q: s
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
2 w f! \$ r- j2 a5 vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-- m, R0 |8 C; g/ o" l3 L* c( X; k
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
5 ^) c5 D% p' q/ I0 O: i0 Qtioning about the use of a testosterone product or5 {! V ^1 c) w8 q% r/ B
gel should be asked of the family members during
# N, z9 l. q' c$ a9 h& R2 L0 e5 y/ `the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
6 H8 M1 v3 r4 @9 w5 C% P* \9 ]ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-0 \2 c1 j1 `1 f: `
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
: F, F* {3 p. Y/ b, pappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a4 E- b% d t! L- ?
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may9 C% [3 N! w" o; w9 f5 x. e* Q2 [
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive, e* y; ?( g8 T" c
investigation. The primary care physician should be
+ a8 d& s' i& H F/ M1 n- [aware of this fact, because most of these children7 O$ d$ I) R2 F" U0 V. C/ _' y
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
6 ~) J2 t7 @) h9 I! WDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
! ?* ~0 e% \ F+ Qwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
8 }5 ]" Q7 Y* n' E, u5 O0 Ifemale child who might come in contact with some-/ a/ s$ l0 p3 q4 U& Z
one using any of these products.: x6 |3 e' S- V5 Z
References% ? z* K) u2 } X" {
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
v9 z. g7 N7 h/ Aand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric @7 ^" [2 W( A! ]" C
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;9 D t' T a1 O; B3 g
2002: 565-628.
~: d1 _2 [& Y; g- ^1 F2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
+ a3 x) }7 L# f3 }; W' j ipuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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