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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old2 v/ Y) ?8 M0 |+ |5 ^
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical8 P; J2 u2 `* r( f6 r
Exposure to Testosterone
7 Q3 m4 \* u+ a" }! N/ {6 n# {4 @- H( RSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,29 ?/ n) o8 i+ ^  v, |
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD19 s# C. a# L! D9 }. |; d- }: F
Clinical Pediatrics
  i% `& ?. C; _Volume 46 Number 6
" R( m+ ^* B5 eJuly 2007 540-5430 b) P; U% o( _6 o: w; Z. ~- Z
© 2007 Sage Publications
7 T- p! u1 l4 G( A. ~/ D% \3 M, Y3 W2 M10.1177/0009922806296651
6 y: `  y6 o  Khttp://clp.sagepub.com6 ]- S3 A# c# g* L# x# [1 u) s: p
hosted at4 w+ j4 W4 ?  {) B& F! I
http://online.sagepub.com# c# n  M) F& \/ ~& Q* B
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,: H5 I$ z: o4 \! H1 h
is a significant concern for physicians. Central4 e& U2 t" K$ _0 ?4 F( w3 [
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
) [3 k" d" \+ R9 A$ @through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
9 q1 O+ c- O6 K% n- ~& }9 {$ I+ J2 ?a higher incidence of organic central nervous system! c# Q5 k8 n" F5 I' H- V' G
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested* n, H: G5 I3 ]! M
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
3 I( A4 b9 M# J/ O5 i+ ehair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
6 m' J9 A2 Z. S! w9 s9 m5 ccles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
7 p; Q' |) @$ R1 r, Y" Treport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the3 F2 [8 q: p) U; R
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-% [# B. Z8 Q, y' I* f
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
( j8 s0 u- v# y) H6 Nto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by9 M) d, u& z8 H- P$ L, g8 ~
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
- k  d- I+ L. {' R* Kmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
& q5 R' K+ E3 L- e. {$ _! j6 x$ Xchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of4 G) ?/ o2 D6 ~0 i2 L8 [
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-- K: b; W5 q: u$ Z0 J3 r
bly more common than the rare case report in the
' X1 X. Z, m' O# h8 vliterature.4
- o- M$ B' H% _+ H; jPatient Report
. u3 }2 @' y' i$ @0 ?% O4 oA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
/ a* n  ?+ U) X( v  Nendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
5 w6 t9 N8 `  Z2 C) a$ t/ `% Tof early sexual development. His mother noticed2 ?% n4 Q. B" K4 F3 K+ _# Z
light colored pubic hair development when he was: i, _5 s; X- z: j: p7 t
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of1 {6 d9 J- \1 }) J  `' _+ I
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.9 e# Y+ F& {' j' F6 m# U" \7 r
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,3 N9 B& Y" ?$ Q& q
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
" L6 I0 g- V' H! @0 lMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
+ M7 u; Q; C7 ne-mail: [email protected].$ f& \/ k$ g( ]
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became# P# m; b2 L; y1 j& i% n
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
: a" i  u6 q& c' z. ~ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
/ W. a. }* g3 i+ O! j, q1 S7 awas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with" z+ T6 c/ e& \# V6 Z/ b
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of1 p( s/ U) g" r1 ?' m2 F; W7 _
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year* }) B2 W" \/ m, M' R
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
+ L6 _6 O8 n1 W2 L* r: p8 K* bsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,( p0 S, l5 L; z
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
# }# f6 T1 Y0 M4 Z" Ywas age appropriate.
' I6 {: L6 D9 y' n6 YThe family history was remarkable for the father,% I4 S+ k1 A0 z4 F/ D- Y; |1 r
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
  X1 e) @" I+ iwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s6 X% D' }- ?% H  j+ z' x3 h
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
3 O( N1 `4 J& b2 M3 x% ?$ w$ C: C3 |$ eearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
4 s9 b6 L3 u' }0 C& S1 EThe father denied taking any other medication. The
, Z, m+ V* g0 c9 Jchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
$ s, E4 K9 u  B. `2 lwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet$ K& a" D% _& G% ^
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-( E. V' _. x/ K5 y5 |
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-7 s5 v7 {7 h- [2 I
tives. There were no siblings.6 a0 y+ G! Y$ J9 ]6 _. h
Physical Examination
7 z- f8 M! V7 W2 }The physical examination revealed a very active,) A7 r7 u5 @7 ^+ I& z# i
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
+ t( Z2 ?5 m! V5 O$ ^+ l- ra blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was% }4 R1 q& D" m$ U0 e
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg- {. L* q+ r$ t
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth" y6 K% ?% G# b* ?% e
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
* a# ?$ m) Y: ^the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.1 `1 X$ K& }  o: _, ?5 _4 x
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for2 \% W0 t& [  N% w5 E7 c% T! z
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of% Z$ y! H7 N% v3 L2 P# n# j
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well4 `3 Q; \! M" a- d3 Y0 X4 d
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
+ b* V9 M& w1 Y! ]6 B) G540
; c( x5 L2 a; K5 @5 v5 s  f1 P3 q4 dat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 m7 e: N5 e8 |7 e$ pthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The7 e$ j  l  \7 Q- Z0 C& T, A/ L
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
/ |& ^9 ^& I3 ~6 n0 vThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
) w" D1 o0 p7 [" `oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no& B  e. S) M7 j. \3 V
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
+ q+ G7 u! P; J  h: n( hNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
# \( L5 ~* v  y) }bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
# ]9 b: B$ q: S* @, |of papilledema.
( V+ u% w- T1 f7 Z* x+ lLaboratory Evaluation
5 s: }; l$ b+ b2 I1 C5 P* [The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
# G( v, z  x0 i6 ?; U& \/ ]" xusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-+ Z4 |8 b/ _3 y/ s* K+ t3 s; S
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal1 e4 C8 [& H" u0 q7 D! e9 H* f4 g
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
$ z( ~- T' U  b9 u+ bshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
: Z3 D6 |- q+ N; c$ ?( c4 {lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
# N! y+ P! F2 B' p: D( qThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood( r: e0 h! y$ R4 U/ Z. t- J- @
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
% a8 d9 F% x! x2 u0 Kwithin normal range for his age. The concentration2 K- [$ e  G7 R. _! E+ O6 t
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
0 w5 X2 ?, `5 K1 e6 C+ y4 ~3 ~(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
* {. @7 }; n2 x& x' gng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
- ?5 n) @+ h4 _terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL)," m$ `5 |# n  Y4 p& Z: K7 P
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
3 t7 b" V5 n4 s49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)) J+ z" Q: {3 C. M
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-4 j  }+ n& F$ j3 [1 J+ n9 ]
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
( g% k8 F5 q; Q, m* q. K! {, \0 w6 Ktestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
& X& Q3 p3 {& t6 m7 R0 f5 c5 gand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than( _* o6 m; K9 W
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
$ _! Z- u# `: B3 N% vstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
! d/ R6 Q( b" }. A1 b/ econcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL! T5 \- Z, o3 u/ M
(prepubertal).8 J0 P3 h; k1 {+ Q# j8 M
The parents were notified about the laboratory( n3 p. |+ i" r8 r. X+ Q# C
results and were informed that all of the tests were
/ D6 O' I! o- p/ jnormal except the testosterone level was high. The2 K) c& A: a! e( O
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to% M+ U+ c8 x; ?  `! k: f
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
% u6 q4 \+ |# zever, the family did not return for 4 months.0 U$ X% l* h% F9 ?- }9 v
Physical examination at this time revealed that the5 b2 I" y* ?8 r- ~- w1 g
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
4 ~+ t/ P( c% ?0 A2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
. |4 @! b7 G  d) Junchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
  f- [/ r" _4 D3 k6 g) Cpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at; M8 \9 I# n- g6 W
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2$ t6 x4 _) z  s  |
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
8 J! {& Z" N1 z8 o& X" O  `/ n$ {+ P* wThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-; r/ |3 T2 z$ ~) ]: ?1 x1 S3 z. y6 p2 `( D
ing frequent erections.8 q3 f. U/ k  B4 {1 z+ G) j
Both parents were again questioned about use of) a8 I* n' N7 _2 u2 M
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to" n2 `) g  L+ A; m9 N5 A
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the7 b8 |3 Y" f3 p0 {9 t
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. ~, C( T! a" \6 n* e, `3 C
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-/ q" a8 p4 L2 _+ I) a! M5 g; Y
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
; z0 \4 H! G! f" T' C, Ea year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed, I: j2 n+ t2 F9 O: `% `# d
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
% C8 C6 z, \: e2 D. s3 \5 }scribed by his family physician for decreased libido7 _- S. r7 H& b6 s
secondary to depression.
+ R* g. I2 w& Q  ~. _The child slept in the same bed with parents.
+ H/ p$ h7 [6 |3 {The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
" J( P; l: y) H$ v5 ]$ ~% \( Cchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
8 F/ P7 c+ Y/ Enificant bare skin contact between baby and father.; p) S9 u) G: g5 ^8 `+ Z
The father also admitted that after the phone call,, z4 B* p9 q2 W7 d0 E- J
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby6 `  |1 N% ]3 v3 W: S! S+ o& p: ?
was high, he then read the product information/ y; b4 `8 p- W; c5 w
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-# }- _& b3 P1 C
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they$ ^0 z: @5 A. N, ?+ I: p9 ]- P
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the) M* F( O+ {9 l1 w9 O: M/ |
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had+ I8 r6 j0 K( e
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* r2 x: q$ |, [) O6 j: B- Q9 wtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the' {5 q3 X/ }7 F2 O1 l
laboratory to obtain the test.. {0 q0 p8 Q3 T4 Z
Discussion
" Q1 r8 ]3 U+ ]8 \& v7 @Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary- e& a  y0 V, @; Y1 Z1 a5 Q# x/ C
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4+ b) u. s4 s0 N5 i2 p/ |6 b
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when/ Q+ D7 l% ^5 F9 W9 O
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
4 g* w3 c- s3 ]+ f! m( ^+ gthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-8 q' s4 X8 k/ h
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
% a7 j: s5 V" R& F. Omay have a central nervous system lesion that is) s1 E- U. }- j3 H5 ]% Q' E
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
$ ^: ~9 J2 w0 o6 s0 s( bamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
4 ?0 {0 i. f+ asis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in9 u1 l  D! W1 D: R
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-4 {/ a# e3 H6 `# z, b% c# I8 v
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-7 [$ o6 B7 \. {
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
( Y2 P- v. ]% K* ]. a; A9 G# jgonadotropins.1,3
& L1 ?  T& @/ M7 Q4 eGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-% l$ ~  K2 @) V
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
% G5 p* ^& F+ b; Fandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
6 M! a; z0 U4 Q# B; @( Pexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-" r- m: Y0 n) g, q
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing" v, o6 w1 G1 E+ v  r0 J1 ]9 m- F
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
1 T0 S2 w0 t( w# Madrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
  u( j/ K0 U8 J, J' [; npuberty in boys.3,4
/ `# w* ?3 ~( [( Q7 W0 {$ P" nThe most common form of congenital adrenal4 `  d0 J0 o+ p9 o& F
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
. q/ H; ~! ]2 V" iThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in" x& i% Z1 L# X- ]7 G7 s' ]; S+ T: Q
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
" z" }4 u& @7 m% u& M1 [an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
! J1 l1 D+ O, ?4 |( zexcess.1,34 y2 @) M* l( H- i3 N) I# \
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( b3 _- d$ R7 i# d
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007* g& a! M, _& ]' d$ g
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
9 S* A# `0 j* y. Q/ P$ nindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
8 {6 b2 w% L9 `( las testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
4 ?$ U( j* `7 U! R4 {$ f. ]very young age. The physical findings in these boys2 M7 B4 O+ l. ~0 k5 G7 L6 P  |2 R
with this disorder are full pubertal development,- A9 }, C# B9 @! _; |1 M
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
# ?7 ?4 z: G$ r: m* e8 W) t" qwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder. q8 T! J7 j. E% P) `+ K. q
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show/ o0 G4 H  G$ c$ v5 A- v( C
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
& h" X# |/ L7 t9 {releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked  B2 |( |5 y# O# K# @: ^
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 E6 ?7 Y/ \8 Ymales; therefore, other male members of the family
- n& ^0 V) [" e3 i: b2 Z6 bmay have similar precocious puberty.39 j1 r. D9 s: a) N1 y9 L
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
0 \; {8 `% X6 ~$ J8 t6 R* x1 ^  ^sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
5 d8 }& g1 r' v; D1 K; @cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
' s" q7 C- r) q( {/ v. Ywas in the differential diagnosis because his father) t5 j! D$ H6 z. }# Q
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,- v- u$ {/ }! i3 ]
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the/ M( i7 ]9 k) p6 F0 x
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-$ ^& ^; Z: L, F( }: ~( _- w3 h3 J
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our7 T; S0 f% ?% x. J& U
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
% O, D$ x/ O" g4 I/ {: V1 [either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase& n1 A6 V0 W4 c  M0 k# A
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-0 b% A6 w' a/ L9 L
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.* G: z. J3 |# k, l) t
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
0 O) D2 D) j1 _" \3 t" ^suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
& ]% a7 |, b1 a: Z5 J, athe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
1 G8 a( e( ~+ E9 E$ J9 i. C# S) epearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and  f5 L/ S' O& S5 Q6 Y
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-# a5 O% I. d; C$ o4 J
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
' _+ T! }) I0 a2 Uusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’. `2 w$ [5 d, j9 ^% M* ?4 j4 Q
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
0 B( L$ z! Y- l& H' V9 f* Xcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
. N$ p$ l% u# T/ C5 e# s8 h4 k+ @0 Wunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
8 g4 p/ _' o- `6 B: dSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the. v9 {# T/ r5 ]7 v+ o. Q7 q# z0 v
baseline value in those females who were exposed to( X4 u/ b, [8 @; c3 R- I5 Q
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male( J5 d$ z# L, n9 [
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-: \/ h) _$ c; w( L/ q
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.% n1 ^6 M5 ^$ r1 Y
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,' w: ], G1 Z. o! K7 U& i
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that% V$ D7 F. W/ m
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
9 F/ I% y; K2 J9 g+ s" mterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more$ d1 b* U$ d2 I
active in young children exposed to testosterone/ D4 S6 v# p) P5 {( [$ o. ~5 ]; B
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-; p5 i  {) Y' L$ q: V* D3 A$ S
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
  P! k, M4 K% x2 \% Lvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in' ^0 l4 D: V: c* T) r* z+ `
children results in an increase in growth velocity and5 \- o0 v+ r1 V) {8 r! i
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.+ @# |; S4 V/ [" q) G" P4 r/ B5 f$ w
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
  g: R- J/ L: j6 M# Tearly childhood on pubertal development and final
, {. H' g) L3 r: i0 S7 N* _& padult height are not fully known and always remain
; O8 Q% D0 b. G; x+ W$ L. Wa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-1 r; w8 }/ l3 j. F
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some! J, g' F- k% ?
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
( K/ Q3 y: E6 ~) U  Jcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
1 h/ b& l* L* u2 N0 Udecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
; S9 A+ z9 N# k  bThere are conflicting reports and controversy
& o# u( v4 i% ]3 D8 R% y) D6 Kover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult: a) ]7 l6 i( ^* Q9 c' I
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
2 c# \1 w5 k( @! n1 ?4 X& Vadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
9 [( D/ T# _+ n" ]- j' t2 `$ lulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,4 l2 o2 r. i# M& N5 x# _4 @" G1 F* J
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
9 a: B$ N! u6 j* z% wchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult( L; x, Q; |% H) t$ H$ e! G
penile length in clinical studies.1 W' D( L4 S) I+ I0 T
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
$ G3 j' s; S, z+ I) S- Dgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
% [0 P; b9 B1 q' X& v; [0 [testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because' c: s/ W* U& l7 Y% K# y
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
2 G% p/ x& s2 |: ~" g' R" N+ N6 f; HAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of5 N, j3 y2 S; K) F: n  Z. c+ B. i$ ?
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at6 ~5 v& S1 \6 W
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult# q$ V: B4 ~% d' ^
height will not be affected., b/ M# _9 f0 S! @- X& G8 ]
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-  r* [9 j0 K% r* x& x/ V
ability of androgen products in our society may
( k* V; Q" R5 P5 Tindeed cause more virilization in male or female# V8 T5 ~/ _- g2 O: {
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-  I) {% [1 @' {( f8 Y1 q; A
gen products must be considered and specific ques-- ]8 n7 V6 C* l$ q: P
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or9 z! q! S$ V, L& y; x" Z, c
gel should be asked of the family members during, Q) v8 {+ X6 ?/ ]7 C+ E; S- a
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
& o, E+ E& d( b1 q' _4 U8 ~ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-+ f$ M( K9 H5 l- v- t, q
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by3 e! ?& P' V; O) n
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
2 s* _4 C7 k7 ~, D: P( ?history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may' s0 K; {& n1 k7 i$ F5 y
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ U) U* c# u$ X- f# Yinvestigation. The primary care physician should be& ^" e* }6 Q$ S+ {' z4 \2 Y
aware of this fact, because most of these children! f* W; j% A1 A" C
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’4 L8 g) X' D# Z; l& j
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a$ ]- ?3 Q! e5 z
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
! l& f* T/ i7 U% @; S( V* hfemale child who might come in contact with some-
# y( A& O% R! p8 C/ a2 N1 S: d4 tone using any of these products.! V4 ?, U( _5 ^$ x/ T
References  m# [- Z0 y) P! ^3 \
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation* g0 F3 O' W" o' L, r. t' x
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric# \! Z) k' Y. e/ N6 K2 p+ {* S
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;# u' _5 `8 ^% G+ C' x  K
2002: 565-628.7 j6 p! S) X5 r9 I1 {
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious3 s% i( d6 T' X  b, f9 Z
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old2 R& n! c5 E- d0 P8 \" r
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
8 a- c( N9 S+ H$ t4 Z' vExposure to Testosterone
) m1 i9 p9 Z4 \: I: W' c  w! Y+ c- Y4 FSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2; z7 F1 _# H7 E1 Q$ ~
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ G/ F$ _' ?+ K
Clinical Pediatrics
7 m. ]+ _1 B5 I6 qVolume 46 Number 6
! l% E3 Q( E8 dJuly 2007 540-543& Z& C, H+ L) m" I5 k8 H1 R" @8 l
© 2007 Sage Publications" I  Z5 b% V$ T) P1 I
10.1177/0009922806296651
/ n4 X. I8 L1 V5 D' Phttp://clp.sagepub.com7 i  q# y# `1 h% m# O# Y4 p* D
hosted at
5 Q+ I1 _. \7 U/ l0 U( x! Ohttp://online.sagepub.com
( c. t* S/ v: i/ xPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
  L  s$ Q! y. r" t4 _5 K9 Uis a significant concern for physicians. Central9 H% T2 i) E! y6 p
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated0 i; ]' i0 w5 m5 K3 [+ ^0 ]; g
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
5 {0 w1 {' E7 n9 C+ S/ ca higher incidence of organic central nervous system! z+ ~, q8 G& d
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
2 ?/ k" C8 L1 M8 A1 f; Xby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
5 v1 i1 D  S/ H! ohair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
0 L4 Y# k8 G% z- s& J& wcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We  j" ]$ z% w0 c, `$ ]
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
( }+ a, ]% [1 T2 y! m4 K3 Menlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-4 @; E' u2 |" K$ n+ w7 p
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
7 D; S: x3 {8 j# x6 nto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
* M  Q# |- B) m) e* `the father. The family initially concealed this infor-0 }! s" t/ B) R' Z: W" }/ l+ x
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 u3 z4 A6 |2 k0 L7 g8 p* r+ |child. Given the widespread and easy availability of6 S( ^) p6 j# e$ V: Y, P' q1 W
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-1 g3 x! C* k; d2 x8 Q) l
bly more common than the rare case report in the
& g' w& W2 E4 x  R, ~& ?literature.4
! Z$ [2 L$ G. s( o$ v6 i) DPatient Report7 c8 w- Q. C. c' n
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
( @2 J; l2 x: q- ~& _. o! T, rendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern3 b9 K/ L  z. E& A: A0 w
of early sexual development. His mother noticed1 H/ R/ r' m: k: n+ p4 A
light colored pubic hair development when he was
) v2 T- E: n" N# ^From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of4 h" r4 L+ r2 g, z+ _/ O/ x( @
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.$ M- Z$ j& e5 y( z0 t
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,# \! x- C3 |0 z$ v! r/ t
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of! D6 a4 @6 n9 _* h+ T) \" n
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;% Z" L  }' Y$ ~. J; S  `1 X
e-mail: [email protected].+ N' Q7 X; W  P5 ^
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
+ I% {% [% M2 u& edarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-/ d2 S4 Y  m6 M5 e1 _4 _: B- F
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
# y; r/ H+ U% T9 O5 [2 D. Mwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
" d) y, d7 W4 |& ?0 U' Ka birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
5 O' f& g7 j$ a! ?* {20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
- e) _  D+ W$ k  j1 q( L6 d4 Rof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
" [: Q9 I1 x# V' u9 tsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
" s4 U& M; l+ b" Q1 e! d0 {% \0 ]and his psychosocial and psychomotor development  p# _( g+ i" S' L1 X1 K- a3 B: O
was age appropriate.7 ^/ n- N5 R: Z+ x/ T' G
The family history was remarkable for the father,
# k0 \0 n& }% j) @+ C% r" ~who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,0 U( }$ l$ k! u: d1 Y' t0 O! X  q- S
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
2 @0 _; {3 S# e1 Z* t! |height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
/ p4 v' s' G% o9 Nearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
0 p# H, P" Z' V8 f$ x8 IThe father denied taking any other medication. The
; j: L& q7 L$ y: L6 [child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
6 _# r' O0 z1 Q1 k; Y% F/ m& Ewas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet! H9 `2 q. h9 a0 B
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-/ C0 c4 i# F4 n! ^, J' Z: Z) v
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
3 [5 g4 m# B9 jtives. There were no siblings.
- v1 u$ C  b, e& w5 y4 z/ qPhysical Examination' Y8 B, {5 y2 T9 `) ^5 [
The physical examination revealed a very active,6 A, ]7 c, C, T) P
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented" ~7 n- J- M. L( ?% X0 y
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
6 {* X: |' W5 ?90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
( B7 N4 d( O' k. A/ n/ g0 c) s(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
+ ~4 m, E% M+ A! N0 Hvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of+ j& W' J2 ~4 T. [. c6 b) J5 l6 e
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
7 ~$ H! d0 P6 p+ H% HThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for% n% `* w" q: t8 e( Z/ q
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
8 f8 R9 h3 a! i6 N/ C8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well. U3 H" i1 L: j; [8 Z6 i' [! ]
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 G( Y- V1 N" u) F7 c( M$ p8 _& A
540
- {: _  L1 n2 Rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
# \: a& b6 q, a" o, O  }6 B; O4 t$ ?the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The8 f2 Y4 h8 x: y+ @4 w/ P' P
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
) K% }. [: R2 U% o) t7 y/ mThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
* Z  j, B% Q* a" ooily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
: U2 |( d7 o1 N2 Dabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots./ C& O% u" S# t5 f* ]0 t% }: H
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
8 `1 T; B+ C5 V* h7 u& vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion: R- _1 k( }& x% m7 ?% d4 c
of papilledema./ V% R. p0 j! P6 c
Laboratory Evaluation
4 l1 g: n5 @& K2 E& K7 U9 a' ZThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
" X7 Y  Y2 K1 P' }7 ?' Rusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
. p& J7 n0 y2 e* U/ r  hlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 R1 |& o( H. s! g3 m, O
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
/ c2 U0 u) ~: t% Kshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
# Y% S5 ]$ V2 p8 ~+ hlating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., k8 {6 n! Q$ `2 H2 {
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood- B' d% c- f0 S" Y2 [
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
6 J0 E6 g( |; j. p+ @0 u8 ?; zwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
! q% k' N$ P: s. f( C; lof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
( m7 Y* y* _! x2 G/ ^+ n(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20/ o5 y# J1 r; ?9 |+ x- F
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-/ K. B1 A# t( d2 s: k
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
& g* ^( ~, S) ?, @desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
+ s  o3 {& [4 f* ]6 z! _49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; B( T3 W( }) [6 jwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-+ h, N9 P$ A7 l3 m' m
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total( Y( y' Z$ m% c; l. f
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
5 M; {  b+ a& e, _6 w0 [7 W" A7 Sand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than# G9 \4 d5 H1 H& l
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular" C' n( U% B! T1 _- j' Y3 P& x
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
4 k6 x9 R- [+ t# Econcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
  c  F1 u) V4 x4 u! d(prepubertal).
' U- R! m0 Q/ N9 p8 W" zThe parents were notified about the laboratory
  B, z" o5 }( m( q- ^2 J: oresults and were informed that all of the tests were
1 X8 ^( v2 E% h' a' n  Ynormal except the testosterone level was high. The1 n2 N4 F2 P1 D  x# _
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
1 T- j  Z( U7 s" U5 i1 E* g+ Gobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-# H: N/ r! {+ A/ W
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.4 i  w: z9 F' V) N
Physical examination at this time revealed that the( ~; D2 R0 C! t
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
$ z* w' N+ S. E- U' n2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
/ j9 w1 d( O  @- t  z8 J, tunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-3 _# f$ P! \' Y% Z( y3 F
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at  P  Q& K, q' o3 m% B
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2# E) Q: h& T3 n& P( b8 k+ X) ^) n
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.9 k% f  |# ]/ F+ b' g& f! a
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
/ v; _1 x( Z9 F6 y7 [ing frequent erections.' |0 s! F% ~( S  Y: {
Both parents were again questioned about use of' y; X0 ^' V9 I' V9 ?8 u
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
6 U4 c* |) @( s% `( f4 Wthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
/ U1 z' _' X- Q+ LTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 n4 C4 ^% Q8 C1 T
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
# I- Z. {# j3 v8 n1 W7 F" `& hing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
$ T* a. m: Y' s- d2 B6 Ba year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
6 S( g$ o' K) y: K& zto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-$ ~" C, _+ V2 p8 R; _) _
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido* I/ U4 f3 A, E% `
secondary to depression.
# }4 m$ K; u$ w/ \% t+ KThe child slept in the same bed with parents.3 U5 r9 B2 u+ ]( y4 x0 z
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
5 B% D) n0 {  J2 E+ o  e3 vchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
) H, L* w5 c# \- l2 q5 J- n0 ~nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
  H  V* }$ T, F6 r( ^- p7 Y* bThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
0 g+ `8 W: |5 B1 jwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby+ \$ u9 G, ^9 l# B9 j4 O
was high, he then read the product information
, a+ R: r" T" V# q# J% Lpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
' T* r, e8 [. y' C" t6 t: lson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
  [/ Y8 X# Q+ U( b! Vdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
1 l( i0 u, }! n. K2 z& \father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
2 \( l4 k2 C/ J$ }( R! V/ ?+ zbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone/ N7 U( l! l$ d* p9 W
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
9 a) v0 U& n4 A/ h' @9 N- Rlaboratory to obtain the test.
4 B1 F6 ?0 i% y* w. P1 gDiscussion7 K  t9 n3 h/ {$ |/ ]' m& ?; g
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
+ m4 Z6 i/ k$ J+ i' J5 n" G" [sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4) K/ R$ e/ t3 ?# O4 P! m
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when: m4 S0 V0 w0 D; C/ h5 G
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
' @% O) n+ |- t6 Kthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-; I. x+ ?9 u( W* I
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
) Y6 {, X4 l. \+ o5 `% ?. Pmay have a central nervous system lesion that is# n5 b( d9 n! S0 L5 P
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
# [, {- D9 z) k( {0 pamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-* J- g- \, p$ x& P. z7 I
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
& w6 R& Z" }, I0 `3 qboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-) T6 y& Q6 L" r$ X1 ^
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-5 p& G/ ]; o0 A! u
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
, ?( ~$ H! u0 ]( ~6 Sgonadotropins.1,35 l& ]% {+ e2 C/ k; h. |& ^; o
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
7 B9 O& V8 R( e, a4 B) V2 xcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate) B; _- {& _7 Y9 T6 ^2 W/ y, s, f! ]
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
- H) A$ M5 P9 I! W  @# Hexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-4 |6 t/ }2 J  ?, u. ~" }8 ^3 Y8 B% C
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
. M1 e% G+ q- j2 Z$ ~2 Q8 Bcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
8 T4 O6 u; |% S. G& f: U% hadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious9 q1 ^5 Q6 K& R" D( d
puberty in boys.3,4- _( m* W/ i2 K  H
The most common form of congenital adrenal" J! h, }$ t& I, p% m
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.2 u$ x- N, `& y6 w- e# |
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
$ W+ k- ~/ M8 n5 R7 e$ `excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
" p; X+ t. `! @0 s+ xan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen6 x& Z) U5 v' d4 V5 p: h! ^7 T2 ^
excess.1,30 {3 [2 P  [7 s9 ~
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. \# ]# L' ~4 D
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
. N( Z# U0 f! m3 LA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
+ }; o/ g* |: v4 Jindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
+ d" f# y; N( sas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
. P( v+ g, U2 q- s+ i6 Lvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
' n0 u7 ]& L1 [with this disorder are full pubertal development,1 X+ Y2 e! x) a1 L& o
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys% G9 S7 e' J1 G. R: w
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
% ]. y* i; U1 P/ S+ iare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
& A. ^5 `7 T. \, a% D6 G1 ]pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-- w( H; S9 s! T- E  E! q, C
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
4 a: u& C0 X2 \4 P& H1 M2 hautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
4 D; X0 k$ G0 C# p3 b. Wmales; therefore, other male members of the family
8 T! d# L* I' x4 gmay have similar precocious puberty.3" s( K% q2 d3 {. u5 g( D
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
% T4 A9 E. S; i: Fsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-$ A7 t; {6 x+ |, ?2 n* S0 X; u
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
9 t" j- b# S% `' P4 M& }was in the differential diagnosis because his father- T* N  ]$ F5 o( Q5 l7 v  m/ j- _
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,* U' T# i7 C$ r8 {
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the( I1 P$ o( N, V+ n/ |
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-3 O6 o; O. ~! V
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
. n  W' Q3 S! |. Sbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,! }/ h/ n3 P* s+ w
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
  _/ l, E; y& w' F: Cdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
% |; ?6 S3 C9 o, ]3 ]# S& }ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
' l) O# l6 n  I9 i  w! s1 D6 F" K4 DThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
$ _& G6 V" A- E2 O7 A' \suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
, z: f4 Q' f/ r" _: ?# jthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
, O  p& o; e% u2 Tpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and$ u/ v. I( i7 O/ x& ^
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-* n  }' G# p/ {4 k6 L' t$ T
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
& Y3 G5 B+ T7 h8 _& E4 Qusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’) l+ ]9 X6 F5 R) P
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
% Y5 ~. A8 A( c8 w7 e0 x0 Lcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to% [* W: l5 f( a$ F) o, z/ n
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
3 {' u. S/ y. ^  d& F& B3 T7 S* PSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
" ~0 D7 J8 u/ Y# v# g4 Cbaseline value in those females who were exposed to! P. T* A9 [# {8 ~
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
) L3 H5 ~& V+ k- x+ D1 x7 T3 Jpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
3 h+ K+ Z+ ?9 r" f8 T: A/ n5 Mtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.7 c1 C) B7 O4 ]/ Y' A
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,' P& w; N  b7 N7 [
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that; [1 [* y8 Z& H" J
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
; D$ j  E& \5 v) [' g, zterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
% f. _4 e5 j4 oactive in young children exposed to testosterone2 ]" I9 Y% W# s& u
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
4 m9 _3 Q" U+ p1 g' }5 ?drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to( |8 |' M3 p6 k. N+ _# s+ e, x6 r! n
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
+ \$ _8 }* {  m) Xchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 a* k. L* y- {. z9 zadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.4 [  D- f+ X$ b9 l
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
' B9 A% e8 O$ T0 A3 dearly childhood on pubertal development and final
2 f1 X! ~5 g! t1 A0 ]8 T& ]adult height are not fully known and always remain
; ]. F5 s! c. N1 Q  O3 }7 ~. za concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
" f" b/ b1 L; \* o/ ?terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some- W6 G, `. @+ M5 O6 Q5 y
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
! ]2 w5 y9 K' _  Y. @7 ocessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation. j- o0 f9 f# k6 e
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,93 [: a. ^2 D& o1 i* v. {
There are conflicting reports and controversy3 E; Y4 `) U+ O+ @
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
  n9 P4 w- Y3 `( spenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
; l" K7 z8 h5 r$ h+ S# Z/ sadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
( e) a/ @) a" G5 {  e) hulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,( r+ A, m9 v- k+ C
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between6 |5 V  o3 H" m
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult# T$ s) P" C. W* ^
penile length in clinical studies.# q* x( n- K1 @$ g9 \  ?* ]# P
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is* w  B- T% i. ]' e; H# X. H2 W
going to experience any of the untoward effects from. L) P* \+ U3 G+ [
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because, V3 ^0 e  v$ C) W5 w! ^" e+ m
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.2 w( k* s* D- ~% G+ Z
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
0 I, a# c1 h6 Rdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
5 Y" |7 B6 n2 G$ Kthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult. e% a2 H  y% S! ^
height will not be affected.7 z( l) |6 Z1 Y2 }6 n. o* x2 N
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
8 w* d$ d! T( C/ a. y/ k1 ?" }8 k9 v4 Yability of androgen products in our society may% H/ [1 n# ]" d* g* q: s
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
2 w  f! \$ r- j2 a5 vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-- m, R0 |8 C; g/ o" l3 L* c( X; k
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
5 ^) c5 D% p' q/ I0 O: i0 Qtioning about the use of a testosterone product or5 {! V  ^1 c) w8 q% r/ B
gel should be asked of the family members during
# N, z9 l. q' c$ a9 h& R2 L0 e5 y/ `the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
6 H8 M1 v3 r4 @9 w5 C% P* \9 ]ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-0 \2 c1 j1 `1 f: `
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
: F, F* {3 p. Y/ b, pappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a4 E- b% d  t! L- ?
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may9 C% [3 N! w" o; w9 f5 x. e* Q2 [
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive, e* y; ?( g8 T" c
investigation. The primary care physician should be
+ a8 d& s' i& H  F/ M1 n- [aware of this fact, because most of these children7 O$ d$ I) R2 F" U0 V. C/ _' y
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
6 ~) J2 t7 @) h9 I! WDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
! ?* ~0 e% \  F+ Qwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
8 }5 ]" Q7 Y* n' E, u5 O0 Ifemale child who might come in contact with some-/ a/ s$ l0 p3 q4 U& Z
one using any of these products.: x6 |3 e' S- V5 Z
References% ?  z* K) u2 }  X" {
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
  v9 z. g7 N7 h/ Aand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric  @7 ^" [2 W( A! ]" C
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;9 D  t' T  a1 O; B3 g
2002: 565-628.
  ~: d1 _2 [& Y; g- ^1 F2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
+ a3 x) }7 L# f3 }; W' j  ipuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

1 M2 b; |! v' X% U9 m/ K精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-11 12:31:56 | 顯示全部樓層
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發表於 2025-4-8 11:10:25 | 顯示全部樓層
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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