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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old: G8 c" x- |9 O4 ?
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ d! Y; C/ L* s% G, Q- M1 o, B- RExposure to Testosterone
2 x% b, g% z2 v; A; c2 NSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2 q s: e4 |! B' n8 [& m6 f
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1" x3 C, O, y/ v4 F" _1 ]
Clinical Pediatrics
. P8 |% E% K! M* a: x. X1 g$ aVolume 46 Number 6$ r F8 }1 e3 r, Y0 e
July 2007 540-543
4 Z1 g. n M" O& c2 \% h© 2007 Sage Publications
4 }& N* Y; d4 l4 T$ @10.1177/00099228062966510 v1 L0 H# u4 e2 s- N" j p+ \
http://clp.sagepub.com0 L* p: }" l/ C. [
hosted at" P- Q. E( A& {( E$ E( O- |( s
http://online.sagepub.com
7 C& R8 x0 C$ h: f2 N7 XPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,5 Y& }$ n, L5 T$ ]* V4 ?- L
is a significant concern for physicians. Central h% u8 R/ ~- @$ A; M. @
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
; o, V& ^% a" ~2 vthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
% Y8 r, P, V* L5 oa higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 l( G8 K* G: @9 ?- f
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested. }1 w, r) f! G; f5 O( h* O
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic2 |; d, C9 Y3 K' s9 W: I
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-& }8 O8 K# ~. Z; V2 c0 G
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We5 ?3 z& A0 U* j3 m- T Z
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the& B W& y1 i. `- R! e: u
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-7 ^+ Q" B; H3 G! ]: t' ?+ Z
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due. u D2 F( W( e$ m2 a
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by8 e- S: C$ I3 ?3 g! |! ~, ^
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 o n" `, P* ]% f% L! t- I% }1 jmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this2 Z/ w4 f5 `0 X- `/ a8 m, J
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
; |0 T) k, W' O& }' ~, wtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-* n# N, X- ^7 ?/ p9 Y
bly more common than the rare case report in the ~$ F% k, r7 j! G* {
literature.44 D8 G( a1 C) f! D
Patient Report
5 Y$ X3 k) e4 ?$ S& M6 { pA 16-month-old white child was referred to the1 K5 j5 z) E, |3 y+ x
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
/ O+ N! G. h( E6 L! A3 gof early sexual development. His mother noticed
" M! o: L0 h3 X& s7 Tlight colored pubic hair development when he was
' f( N6 }# |8 \7 hFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
* R3 g0 J# ` J& c6 X7 M/ H( cSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
# o1 t. J7 X( J$ b% TAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,5 n& L" S3 E5 C0 E
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
- S0 C' e, W) Y2 g, r" V' xMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
+ D+ [2 k( M: {4 j& s+ _/ z$ Ge-mail: [email protected].
4 }, {$ ^9 D+ r% _: N% t0 habout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
+ u. J4 I/ W* Y# _ Idarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
5 t2 s" f. T6 g# ement of his penis and frequent erections. The child
& e" o* P7 e. }6 ?was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
! m6 C) v4 w6 Q$ M1 Z- s' ga birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
' I! ~6 g; k) {2 }20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year4 I! [0 B- a; p4 a! n' B d% f, K
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with( L+ o1 R& D" x B& v% l0 n
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,% K4 F) @, {+ K8 Z; |
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development9 R$ D8 o& A# a5 n
was age appropriate./ h2 X' j$ A; w
The family history was remarkable for the father,
& g/ q1 q( v* [: B1 s9 v+ W4 Zwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
u1 i" y* G# @6 zwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
. v. z' U+ E" E @" {8 b9 Xheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat$ _) u, Z# N, N
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
! o. \8 q! a$ `0 LThe father denied taking any other medication. The7 B% M, d8 H+ h
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
6 y+ M! q( y) w( B2 ?7 m% rwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
- I& b, K; ~& c+ X! E9 j1 L5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-1 i4 p+ f8 }9 |
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-" U+ } ]- B% n5 B" W! @3 M& T
tives. There were no siblings.
. D& Q! M. [) [# Q% @& | PPhysical Examination1 ]& `1 F8 J! {2 Z9 u# O, _
The physical examination revealed a very active,- I' D( h4 v& ]/ q3 \7 D
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
& ^7 o" M2 U' W* }; E1 G- P. ~; Ha blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
, L4 W2 s0 I4 V9 w2 C90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg$ D$ E* w( K* c# {0 _6 d6 J
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth9 Z% E/ |) s) M. N' `! D. B
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
* X, ?" ^$ H2 ^the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement./ V5 i! N# ~) S, U; H' y0 V
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
/ ^) \& K: O1 l7 S0 V7 ?, G! ]enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of1 x( y1 O! _4 T! |& J" w% }
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well Y' s+ E _( l5 i' B+ G; N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
$ c$ C6 ~- B9 _1 a, c; H540
7 Y' |/ ^2 Q2 s6 d! Yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 P4 T% i6 E- }8 m# n
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ j0 A. G) x# _1 V2 p& {testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
' H( Q- {: r7 y4 t, vThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
( ?- k# m( w" I+ g5 roily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no: _ g& }5 l6 f2 _+ ^( |
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
3 i# ~" f' ^ p- X" O3 T8 [' ?2 v6 z! G2 t* aNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+% B/ \) S: ]4 E: A" M7 q, X
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
+ o( D0 ?! t: hof papilledema.
% @7 j- |2 C+ D( @& b% iLaboratory Evaluation
0 S+ ~* m9 s) @' K/ ^9 zThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by! s @% }$ k7 T5 H
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-! E; S. z& n4 Z1 W
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal# u5 \4 l+ x, e2 X( N m; X
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
/ ^1 T+ _+ j' i' ^8 ]showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-: o; P( {% O! [/ ~# c) O( ^0 q
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).. @4 J5 y( Q2 t$ C! W
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood$ k# v+ n) W" n3 s( e w
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were7 R) y0 z8 ]8 D7 b, g
within normal range for his age. The concentration8 P1 N# B: J" \- \$ o9 I
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL" ]( X+ I5 Z9 U: B( r/ r+ [
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20& }% W& ~( ?* S8 |
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
% ^2 S! L8 k% S" N+ R! k! Iterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),- D7 k# u3 B# `
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
, N# v( M1 m; I. A7 ]49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)% C1 W5 m' ~8 N( j" q& Z
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-9 p2 _ m) i- S2 k& ]
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
* ]5 w0 u* Q) F- r* w6 i8 t/ _testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
0 C+ H/ V/ p! J+ d+ H! \and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
2 r/ x' W: \" `% X5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
$ L/ {4 q: `4 _5 p4 D$ w5 t3 [stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
8 C9 v7 H" B2 X+ u+ Rconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL" k4 S. A3 ^, l" s; ]/ ?1 Z7 r, L
(prepubertal).
" x% ~" q! `" ]9 lThe parents were notified about the laboratory
& p" \5 D5 U) N+ J/ xresults and were informed that all of the tests were
$ j+ j6 o6 z2 b9 A2 vnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
: Z% j# \! q' w# K9 kfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to) x a% Z0 \3 J* k- O# c d
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" O" h( t9 ^, H% f! M" }
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.5 K) U: x2 r2 m
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
3 G4 I& l2 I% r Z/ p% H( d& wchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
/ V0 t+ U* t( }3 c: @0 b9 B2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
1 U" z( ]- Z- h1 |unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
' v3 [: u& r' e# M% S) Y1 `pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
: f, P v; N# X: k P9 t: _$ dthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
" \% y$ |% B$ G( h f$ k0 i# }' imL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 ]: Y; d' p; H. x. H* c% \- W
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-5 r+ E8 p/ X8 _. O6 [0 z
ing frequent erections.' T' G7 ]3 c# ~
Both parents were again questioned about use of; f8 m a1 V7 o/ ?5 i! t+ [' W
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to$ s0 b8 U$ O6 p" t- u L3 _
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the) m: Q7 Y) |+ d! x
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
' G2 u( D, @. Q1 Ruse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-% S6 `( L% [$ l h2 R# Y7 G
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for4 `2 C; E4 f- e
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
+ a) K6 O8 n5 W, ]& A0 sto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
+ B' ~! U1 Y# e. \+ ^" D5 X* Uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido# e' O' X, Z/ t% k6 }& F
secondary to depression.
6 I" c% x& Z9 ]6 d8 ~The child slept in the same bed with parents.
: X! C5 w2 o4 w: pThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
# W% _* ^: b9 Rchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-- r8 `, r' U8 R- S- ?4 r- T+ \" O9 d
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
: {, _' J- `4 |0 H4 j$ PThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
% m8 g7 G7 g+ q. B- q7 E0 g" @when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
4 h8 Y m+ t8 Q# d* @# Hwas high, he then read the product information1 B8 ~; p/ F8 r$ f% K4 R V' |
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
: T* ^* S+ Z1 S0 o- j( Ason for the child’s virilization. At that time, they5 L0 o Y0 V6 c) g8 D: I( ?% R
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
w5 B1 Y) K! w' I! V: Rfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
* U7 Y- b: C, J$ i2 N- R, `been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 ?4 J. o p3 f$ s% ~. R1 Itest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
; Q/ m* z& w. [; h( K j2 }laboratory to obtain the test.
1 B, l$ c6 Z" ~% R8 ?4 `! pDiscussion. o. w, X3 e# \& u: A6 J t
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
3 J! ?; k8 C6 Dsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
" S0 Z' t6 U9 i9 T; I6 IPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when# _! B* z1 O; x! [5 j8 b
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-; J" _$ A+ r. B3 v+ k m
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-3 }' G+ B |6 T: I) `: m+ d
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
: {: ?- }0 [0 E% `( hmay have a central nervous system lesion that is, H% K& C- F8 }2 R" k
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
- q5 R f/ i0 C( Z8 _% Uamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
* g7 I' S' @; Q4 `& fsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
( m- d! u/ P% W9 V8 S- _# q: yboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-! t3 ?+ ^$ P8 H- A
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
$ C* @" @- @5 z5 E) hrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by9 h1 A9 q6 L! h6 |; z
gonadotropins.1,3
7 B' R# ?, i- x. w2 sGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
6 [* [5 `5 o ~) s$ [, C/ @cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
! _ k' i- Y0 eandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or5 P& O8 v1 A+ V6 {/ r. [
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-; N6 g( E- K3 o& {. t$ ^7 J# C
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing+ c( p9 l$ A* B5 o* _7 r
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
8 `0 j: B5 y, a2 P g; d$ M) [, |adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious4 M4 I) K# M, L2 H8 e+ Q
puberty in boys.3,4
* F4 v- Y. \& [/ A5 {6 d* QThe most common form of congenital adrenal
% D% E# R9 y2 @ rhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
: m, u4 v6 ^ D% B; BThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
6 J1 g4 m+ V; q0 U9 Lexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,& \# r: u. _, u* A; K
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen& X) c6 ]8 G1 D0 e& R
excess.1,3
3 m0 |: x# h8 Q; W; z! nat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. ` t. \- B3 r542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
+ k8 m- h* O5 b3 G7 Q* I0 oA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
* f+ I5 C! o( T# F/ Uindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
' u. T0 T" y9 L; Sas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a! V' ^% b4 C6 O* I4 R9 ~
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
5 H% E) I: E" z/ ~/ a( Twith this disorder are full pubertal development,
, c0 E( K2 v. v4 j2 qincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
. {7 B- z( U0 p. Qwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
) p' v* `( `, A/ ware suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show! {! p1 L9 C5 ?7 g3 \
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
q: A* F! H+ k* t/ m [4 s5 c- [) I' Yreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
. T1 V1 O" F" W! h6 r! Dautosomal dominant disorder that affects only0 ?8 S* \- p9 U# w3 `
males; therefore, other male members of the family
5 k, b+ D: d1 p! E! `6 i% M/ p! Vmay have similar precocious puberty.3) ]- F# k6 m* E$ G6 l( J" {
In our patient, physical examination was incon-6 n# o4 x: R3 Q8 @4 `9 ~3 H' U' G
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
& h/ T3 @/ y: y- Icles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis0 l- R3 N2 y' o8 m/ p+ q+ U a) t
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
! I2 w) w1 _' w# }started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,% N& b( ]! L! j- r& ?
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
1 Y# n% K+ N- m6 U3 tbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
( z3 F; x/ B! {4 d+ s1 oative initial history of androgen exposure, our
% f/ D E9 \" E6 w! v: @biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, y' f8 W6 o$ i1 y0 i3 O
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
* e9 V# y5 H' ddeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-. j* f3 |$ g, e: n% V4 s
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
; K* d1 M% p5 w2 b' E6 cThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
c) p& o. c# ~suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because" ~+ R5 q3 M2 }- f
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
8 g }0 w; c6 a3 {) spearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
- ?0 C$ |- q7 e: Wdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
5 r- i; `- r0 e% ]terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
2 b1 g: p+ N1 {8 N _8 kusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
+ D/ V6 y3 o1 S+ QDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or7 g; G$ a( N* c! }9 e
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to" d# B! z) Q# y6 G2 u
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.* G0 X' ?$ E2 x
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
5 f1 Y* W4 `3 w8 Sbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
5 L& U2 [0 r& c3 i3 keven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male6 `4 N, o) v0 o* \* _# l9 f
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
' K4 u/ s9 v' W& E/ gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.8 Y) v. }& a. W8 s& d& i0 r5 u
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,# p3 u* d% P2 L0 S F
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that% o5 w% ]( F8 }
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
5 O: V j2 X4 A' \terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more: p( L# D8 u, k! x: y2 X x$ w
active in young children exposed to testosterone
% V# q N" ^) q. Q$ l( M- ^2 @9 Gexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
8 `: `" P M& Z7 M1 Idrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to0 R3 ^ w7 }3 I* J
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
. x1 S! h$ E a) w( M! c+ F8 bchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and+ V- E: j) k( k Q% U4 O
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
1 A9 o3 H; m: k, @( fThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during, c% a* B$ A$ @1 Z5 o
early childhood on pubertal development and final
8 O& w+ c9 G% n+ Aadult height are not fully known and always remain# I' C) n! ^+ F( s( s& w
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
' \4 x2 f; e7 |) V) h* uterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some0 u- {2 ?1 {: [- I6 `. L
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after! V0 o5 g8 p2 C* B l5 f. m/ K
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation! g9 g: {# S1 a. Z$ q2 o* o
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9; i: E! x4 i4 u6 ~
There are conflicting reports and controversy* R# {6 a4 O6 f% x
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
% m- W; _6 e! Spenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal( D+ ~6 c: ]8 o8 i- A, L
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-; A1 r' [# M% U3 @- ^
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,; ?% D' {3 N% B, F" O! Y# X
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
0 d* z5 c3 `. [7 k- h+ Vchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult3 z3 |) O( q- H
penile length in clinical studies.
% C! B9 ?2 G' x+ ]) H# i$ v( ~; ANonetheless, we do not believe our patient is- L0 p+ C; f: _, U- _: n4 y
going to experience any of the untoward effects from$ O, Q! v# H/ N" N+ w% I5 H
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
, b& u d1 O0 g x$ Dthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
1 k9 p: S* @2 _Although the bone age was advanced at the time of$ y6 U5 r* G# d& K3 W1 i8 }
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: l! X, ~# R' @9 z2 z a
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult0 I) k b: [& c$ F
height will not be affected.
; s! C" K. m4 q# m MAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
+ }2 ^$ J( r/ H8 n3 \7 w+ L- C( tability of androgen products in our society may9 \* h# e, x( r6 k3 ^
indeed cause more virilization in male or female1 W+ w5 [7 Y% K! V2 [6 x
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-+ a! I+ k9 X# r, H. @" ]0 j
gen products must be considered and specific ques-* X$ x% u4 ?7 g/ @
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
5 K' [, r" a, e+ x- A. z% ^gel should be asked of the family members during
. a, {* y e5 p, T) s5 X. `- u/ V ?1 Pthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-( Q+ ^$ P$ k- U3 O. ]* y! N
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-% x1 W' s$ f0 c* q- S* X. l- q! J
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
5 H* N3 g5 W1 A. O7 A. {appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
) U, L4 w' b8 R0 D0 @0 A" Vhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
. A7 }- o. i2 y% Z- E1 O+ Oresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
7 {" J1 `4 {, \8 o4 d2 \* _5 Vinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
6 c' m* L* }3 s' _& ^ \aware of this fact, because most of these children, G: s8 v q" I$ q! \* B
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’. S+ z' z6 i/ q+ h/ v. S2 a
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a; Q3 [7 b& Z8 Y
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
J7 ? }0 e4 q* S8 Gfemale child who might come in contact with some-
$ u0 s0 v* w; |. m% Xone using any of these products.0 {! N: I3 {6 J( M0 J
References
0 V, z2 E9 j6 N+ e1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation9 \; V8 F% D" Y" O% U
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric/ f1 E; z) l7 m( S# u
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
, l; d1 }1 j6 Q; m; `3 ^! v6 v2002: 565-628.
6 J7 s5 {3 L8 p2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious& Z* r+ O o0 }+ d6 R- N6 V5 p# n8 g
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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