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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
! ]" v8 d! E' F' T! q2 K4 S; zBoy Induced by Indirect Topical6 ]2 S; @7 B' b) q
Exposure to Testosterone
& i# o7 Q: y; `3 `6 F, I) K8 GSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
$ ~% A3 `# g5 Z4 N! ~# cand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
5 T6 f+ M* `2 O& {4 {Clinical Pediatrics
1 b  I* q7 m/ G/ j* |  [( J: i8 qVolume 46 Number 6
4 U$ ^9 a+ O( u( W- GJuly 2007 540-543: b( U" \6 {8 u8 [, d3 [
© 2007 Sage Publications
1 \, y: W) V; ~9 a# `8 ~10.1177/0009922806296651
0 @) i. [' `- {: {* I, [http://clp.sagepub.com% d# X6 D$ |9 H
hosted at
2 C& d, |( G+ h; L8 vhttp://online.sagepub.com2 x1 ~' m0 W, j+ q1 l' H8 a$ b; }. l
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,$ j9 W3 M8 Q) p- X9 J3 Y9 v
is a significant concern for physicians. Central3 b! x# C$ u8 |2 @  J
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated6 |2 E* c7 z( _. \
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has9 q7 m. A, Z5 P
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
( n( B1 }) h& y+ z+ U& V' l; d8 ?lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested/ B1 B# q! _9 {, V8 }* K1 U
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
& a6 |' y( C. D! hhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
8 @% k- E* b8 T- ]cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
* A4 }0 K! k/ p( G7 a' I% p* Qreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ F, s/ r/ K- N3 x- f
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-( W5 \# ~, ~1 m5 h* {
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
1 t2 g+ @6 p( Y" X' lto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by1 |, ~9 F+ N( `7 O2 M
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
7 N) w& Z7 V( W& Dmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
4 ^) R- [' e! Q/ Xchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of9 m; z: f4 o8 O3 z0 A! J- B$ h7 X4 z
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
1 q* l' M# e0 C& |& v- rbly more common than the rare case report in the' C' @- c- g2 P9 X! P- n
literature.4
$ |1 ]2 s# L$ c) d+ X8 ]Patient Report
4 ?' F3 b1 |) j6 x# B1 jA 16-month-old white child was referred to the5 Y! f; f3 G( p2 A  O* o
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
- U( l; |9 E$ o* h# m6 Nof early sexual development. His mother noticed
4 e1 S6 y+ c2 F& klight colored pubic hair development when he was
# M2 O. j1 b% v/ K$ EFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
3 u0 K, c0 u" X+ PSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
& w7 i8 D! R0 l: I" O8 f  RAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
/ C# `8 D- n% S# ]' ~; d/ J2 pProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of' l- w; [6 [4 F3 j
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;5 \" i9 `! A) S% C
e-mail: [email protected].$ p& Z2 K0 p0 A9 e0 T: s1 T$ Q
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became5 }( v, M: Q5 {# `; M3 Q, s' f
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-, K7 H: U1 S/ u9 s, _
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child6 Q% c2 ]/ j/ w- E# V) Y& z
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 a+ H& f  ^2 g+ Z( N6 ka birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of+ @5 T* S0 m9 S! I. Y; o5 L
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year- }' \7 I# i/ q7 Q$ a( ]
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with3 s3 t5 }; E' p, z- O
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
, x  j  V. \) p) Y% Xand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
) H' p7 j  x7 _& x  O* v! j/ X, Ewas age appropriate.
, F5 y; q* D. w7 ]' yThe family history was remarkable for the father,
* Y6 o7 w2 y) O/ d; ]3 d! S; R- iwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
8 e. |, n1 P/ m$ Y6 f6 t; Owhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
% p3 K5 S* k, _4 Dheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
% s. A6 I1 W" e* U! a) ~early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.! c5 G3 W( @' q5 _' y
The father denied taking any other medication. The
. L( H+ g) o& f, b. O2 A4 xchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche# W6 P' m- r: ^1 _: H
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet9 U2 T" ^% r0 \, K0 g) Q8 s
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
$ W$ @! R$ K4 R  n" v  V; Ncocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-9 E! v1 d1 x! ]4 U+ J4 P) E
tives. There were no siblings.6 i6 u1 `" ]2 K' O- E. r
Physical Examination$ Z, h) V+ M$ |) `+ \0 Q4 Z
The physical examination revealed a very active,) [" t0 g4 D2 B- P& G  p( P
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented9 z* [2 o, s' E7 \
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was4 S5 |- }! g: l( \
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
. [! a% ~5 |, K% n# F(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth4 Y: O( X% F. \$ J% A; R7 S
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of. l/ ]7 O& ~  T7 Y* R) S6 h, g( a* P
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.$ _5 H7 b3 b. R6 c- d
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
# R1 X, @: X. M1 R8 ~enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
$ n! B) c' d/ H$ Q" x4 X9 O8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well6 D- j7 j% ]8 S; l
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
9 ^* |; t2 k7 U6 }# _540/ b7 Q  `8 R9 g) M7 `: Z6 u
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
/ s* G% r( z: O% n& u7 Lthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The' }( h5 [6 A' T& c
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
8 [6 I' d) Q) X0 VThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat1 _+ f  N7 j$ B1 `5 a2 t; e
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no+ p; }; M8 j+ Q
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.8 n. M, I1 [( P) o' r) A" j
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+. F6 |/ E$ t2 m, M7 T+ h3 A* S
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion7 S/ o, W; [& W
of papilledema.' F( ?% M' p" ?+ G8 N8 O2 g* m9 Y
Laboratory Evaluation
6 E/ b/ o$ h2 m  t2 d# q' jThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by& U! A/ w$ F& ~/ n
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-" t/ d" \+ d9 I- L  G# N
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
3 Z7 [0 p* o- K5 N1 tkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
" Z% d5 \2 b. s6 m, Gshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-6 W: E' f- G6 A) j; w$ I
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., ~( Y* E+ |" w0 L7 h9 Y
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
5 l& g7 F% t, W' a8 \: turea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 G) E0 g* S8 u5 U4 L/ m$ e- L
within normal range for his age. The concentration; H3 R5 _; F0 @: Y3 U- o# A
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
) R; v- p$ ~4 x# S. }# l+ _(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
% p, h  X* R7 K) R) ^ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
; L6 n& [! X7 |2 P( Vterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),& K; X0 v  l# Y% D, {
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to" n; O! W2 `, M. e3 j
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
) \- p6 r- s; d/ x: {, jwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-5 p' l0 v9 ]5 [( b, q+ Z
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total. Z0 r6 t% P* G$ p
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
2 x- a4 |# W# p0 j) z/ ]- aand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
2 x! ]/ |0 u; M  M# x& v( M5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular6 @$ G% r6 F4 J& [7 d1 h
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone, W" O- I5 [2 G& x6 j. M
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL7 {' _/ C4 y% z6 j
(prepubertal).4 _$ m$ f1 |. w* X- J9 @) j6 `+ b
The parents were notified about the laboratory" H) Y7 \( J" b4 X8 C7 i2 @* e
results and were informed that all of the tests were2 S( e( Y  E$ l* b# Y5 ?5 r
normal except the testosterone level was high. The( k7 @1 [# \; c* \$ |3 K! Z
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to2 M0 I- r2 F, u: q' l
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-$ Y/ {& W( P- ~
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.7 ^% H: D  n* Y* B: b* ]
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
9 B7 h/ k: h( K1 M  F5 C3 ]( Gchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained$ s- n1 k) C9 A# Z( o4 g
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
& z$ j* j5 O2 f7 V+ g% Q( ?' e! aunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-9 E3 ]7 F7 s5 ^  W/ V
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
3 M7 V- W3 V- a4 d' N% i1 O3 mthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
! @. k8 h+ _9 s& {3 G2 \6 QmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.  y1 r: I  F3 A- z3 e
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-2 k1 B! y$ Q/ u4 ?
ing frequent erections.) ?& W& {* K2 {( N1 Y6 y/ U
Both parents were again questioned about use of% V1 I# T; y0 \/ [9 Y
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to/ ?5 i  O7 E$ X; o. C" L+ h1 E
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the( Q# t7 D9 j, O/ n' U; r7 m
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541: W# E( m) B# g( D: z
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
9 q" U4 Z+ z* U3 Ming over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for1 R" @! U/ X2 L, z
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
4 {, U& G" D) [* ?& ^# y* B) pto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-+ e9 I( f  h5 Z6 r& i; K9 S
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido& w( S1 b4 r) ~2 ]. s
secondary to depression.
& _7 K+ @' D6 {+ o7 l- |The child slept in the same bed with parents.
' I. b! y- `- `5 J# `( r0 nThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
2 v* F3 E- w, ]chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-8 @/ C  q1 _" Q0 ~9 V2 x$ y1 r
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
% \+ W8 d, o- [" I4 z7 I1 yThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
9 k" E1 B2 [( {4 |when he learned the testosterone level in the baby1 O  |+ l$ w/ b& e3 E7 v9 U  k6 W
was high, he then read the product information7 M" s0 }4 ?5 U5 Z. \3 W  u( M
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-) t! u7 b: E; B; y7 p! U
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
$ S5 N6 f# T. O$ Fdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the! i  M4 l9 R( K# @& k4 _
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had6 f, I3 `2 F* Z$ j
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone. y. V& u# B+ `
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the+ V( B- @' W6 v1 \! G3 W
laboratory to obtain the test.
; |2 x/ j4 C, u* F: ?0 z  A* MDiscussion
# j, N( Q8 \1 z% GPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
& A8 ~1 V4 J3 v$ o' |sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4  k; i- V6 `! Z6 }3 |
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
$ V# i3 S1 ]/ p* C1 Dit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-" I7 I. V+ F2 k
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-1 Y' u# @0 D- V! c6 s* b7 ~
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP% \3 S7 n" k4 ^4 w
may have a central nervous system lesion that is, ~. O1 }( s- c* D" [; p& S+ [
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
0 H7 H+ d9 r  ?3 }6 q& ~0 m: \amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-1 q& K) F& J# K6 R6 m( J* E$ ~- O% s
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in, _! `1 U7 q7 p! I1 z3 |
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
2 F& C" d8 U3 @ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
& {1 X' h5 X) c, y6 @0 Krical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by, D1 V+ ]& P+ M
gonadotropins.1,3: T' \8 m0 p6 F' c. H6 B* w- X/ }
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-0 y; o0 T7 [& W
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
+ ~) \" h4 P( Q+ ?7 Uandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or; \. Y3 x+ r( T) o& l
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
5 j9 u' s/ S0 c8 L+ hulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
+ |$ I2 `4 R5 n$ S9 rcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
8 K* q6 `1 w, {$ g- Jadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
8 h7 V. m! n9 Cpuberty in boys.3,4
6 z: j, }+ E( S  y3 K5 QThe most common form of congenital adrenal
/ |+ N: V" h; ~, x* r  Q0 ]hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
2 v3 U* ~7 w, o2 T1 GThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
. D7 Z9 K, h# b5 ~excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,7 M. H8 d+ Q: `
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
5 O1 [9 U4 g: i& B0 K/ Yexcess.1,3
/ @7 \/ Y6 v1 cat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ A- N) ?2 U5 O; j3 `542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
+ m3 I# t1 o  y* F3 F% z% Q& @3 z' hA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-- r& }  G- O% O! ?4 m6 @, {0 ^
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 M$ N3 S) `7 ~5 ^% S! x1 l, tas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a0 o1 n% X4 r$ x  W
very young age. The physical findings in these boys4 i# q5 V! ~. o; }8 k4 T
with this disorder are full pubertal development,# E! Y( L% D3 l$ e) \, z/ e9 N( E
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
4 W4 Q' F; g6 m; E/ m! F2 qwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
2 e0 @: _0 [1 d2 @1 qare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
8 Y8 {0 Q0 k% B% }. J1 ^0 cpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
1 o) m) f2 H# }0 E$ m4 V# Nreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked; L( O" V* ~% o( F5 L7 U
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only8 U+ z% S+ D6 c# }$ o+ `" r$ x3 B
males; therefore, other male members of the family0 Q; M- U+ n# R. X6 [9 V+ f5 j. \
may have similar precocious puberty.3
8 K( Y: N' E5 T2 KIn our patient, physical examination was incon-: c6 g& `$ g, g9 `
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
% F4 @5 M9 I; Ucles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
- C# q% G) U7 \6 N, Q, l$ }was in the differential diagnosis because his father
% z6 d- p4 d6 U# `* p- Kstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
3 `8 o3 _, w0 Mtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the7 W4 D% [% w, {2 d  ~6 G3 l
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-/ J; ~9 e, J8 Q2 j) h1 Z) M
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our8 S) ~/ p* x* j, t+ R- F( |+ ^
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
, l& W8 x# Y* C. H6 ^( Eeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
2 T$ g, p. z' y& F- e- n2 D. W8 cdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-) R- Y8 n  `6 `  ]  M+ `
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.) r0 z- E2 W5 {, M. x
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
1 H4 H4 }7 o- gsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
* b9 f+ Z8 r0 w+ h+ N3 M+ w  Pthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
/ v! R0 N, \( {7 K+ ^* Upearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and) `( ?0 G4 W5 }  a& f
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
* y! w2 Y# w& h$ Sterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
- {6 ^* z* }+ [* R6 q1 O: Vusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’- U; e8 r; t- w* W9 f: L
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or' Q- Y) s( d- r2 _
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
  X* i0 w% F0 Y' P! Nunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
0 |' G) k. r$ t: ?; o( N$ }" FSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the5 |# j8 D2 D% m; {
baseline value in those females who were exposed to+ _0 T* F5 {9 B/ y7 r) u
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
, @' s+ q  C8 Z, I1 L1 P: Ppartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
" j3 p" S2 q/ B4 w/ X' h1 v, N' E; Q. Ftion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
  }0 j6 Q8 m) D1 [' c" U* `Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL," f- h; J2 @; K$ k8 K
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that+ Z( J. P+ i6 ]3 Q; z+ j
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-: T) ?; w# a- W# m$ k
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more, D9 v% c3 |; v, j" x
active in young children exposed to testosterone+ Q% p" {5 x/ Y$ T5 x( C6 b6 t  {
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
( _& k$ C& r6 P7 w3 O# a$ C4 K" edrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
3 x- i8 }$ x- i8 Rvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
  w( r/ l. z! r$ ?5 P$ Vchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
+ j. `4 {/ R: q4 @# padvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
* e. ^2 ]: U1 v9 R$ ]5 ^The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
8 w, [  N" L$ x2 wearly childhood on pubertal development and final
' w* v, |! E; G6 e5 N" L3 z( vadult height are not fully known and always remain& ~' w8 N1 f3 v9 o
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
2 L) X+ T! [% Y0 X% m3 P* o& |terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some/ J2 {+ y& b% V% e  X; l4 L% j
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after: T  ~% X6 Z' h) r' U0 Y  e$ C
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
1 ^' p  P( H6 v) pdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
& g. j) ]3 ~  C6 g! {! o0 SThere are conflicting reports and controversy# P4 `  [$ M( s6 w6 w+ e
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult6 d3 L! T- n2 J+ q5 \2 N
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
' U$ S! ^0 b7 `/ L" `adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
( L5 b7 ?) Z# }6 R( ]6 d5 L2 culation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,( x, ^" _# B% F( j) o% I: A
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between  v# g; U1 e- z4 G
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult* I/ v9 l( q" y$ I. [+ y
penile length in clinical studies.; I' _  B: ~& ~1 c5 k$ p
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is0 k" m4 e, F' M# l% c" V
going to experience any of the untoward effects from0 A3 R, K8 ?' i8 ?+ l4 d$ S, ^
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
5 _2 I; F; A5 {( _# g& F6 T' Sthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
$ Q5 y; d6 P' ^0 H4 |Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
" `: ~: v# s& ldiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
4 J2 e6 {$ H: o3 @! n; c8 |the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult! a: J% y8 }, U1 V
height will not be affected.
6 i: Q4 R/ W5 j7 ~Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-/ a* Y" j4 v$ \4 m3 J
ability of androgen products in our society may
" l& y+ b% W8 x+ Kindeed cause more virilization in male or female
1 |4 D8 r4 j/ ^% W4 Q8 h5 r9 k/ nchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
) v8 L2 y% E, Hgen products must be considered and specific ques-
5 |2 X4 d* Z: Ytioning about the use of a testosterone product or
3 i& Q" U- |0 n( Q  i: s0 pgel should be asked of the family members during
; r! s! M" ^& `; fthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
+ N4 L: B/ Z5 y. u; t/ i. S' Milization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
' O8 l, R) P( Q# P" N( Xnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
3 a) Y; @: R9 q+ {( g; n  Nappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
+ J& y- \( Y4 m' F" H0 nhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
5 z* p2 h, ]7 [8 c0 h# C' j/ [& wresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
/ o6 w$ y* C- i' u  [. ]investigation. The primary care physician should be4 I& Z, _8 V! Y/ E5 V* u
aware of this fact, because most of these children9 P6 @7 G& Q6 J! `1 D
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
- N9 @( `) q2 K$ F' I. ~" zDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
6 k: B3 ^" W# ]9 k9 ywarning about the virilizing effect on a male or4 U! K% b# w; n$ E
female child who might come in contact with some-$ n/ b& Y8 @( N0 }7 p5 U1 l6 ~
one using any of these products.
8 D8 [6 j" U9 v8 M+ zReferences" T! n# y3 {1 I% e4 v3 K
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
5 ?9 Y: W& J3 |$ |) r9 ~and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
! o3 d4 ^6 o6 \1 ZEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
' ^$ T7 r, Y5 b2002: 565-628./ @8 u0 n- S7 z' s3 N" b% w
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious4 G3 J3 I9 {/ W* \1 \
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old- G5 X" @$ E2 o0 C9 L& H& n' i' d
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical/ x1 Z6 |. B9 k* j& |; |9 E
Exposure to Testosterone! n- X8 H* Q" g1 }0 w: [% t) z+ J% [
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,21 L& O0 M% i. n5 [5 h* b2 _
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
- L# H" h, e( P& vClinical Pediatrics
, i$ a. o' `2 Q0 H0 N$ b; bVolume 46 Number 6) u$ S: C( j( M  z2 n5 y& ^7 a5 J
July 2007 540-5437 e$ |- s4 _/ N& H# m- W  K! Y1 R
© 2007 Sage Publications& e* ?  A6 L3 ?, u
10.1177/00099228062966514 R0 D" K% h+ d# \6 z& C  V
http://clp.sagepub.com: U/ ~! J: ^$ D" ]( r
hosted at
+ A4 n& H8 b( W( X4 o+ Xhttp://online.sagepub.com5 Q/ u; i0 s  A2 Z; O
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
# v$ _& z) r' Z- G& t/ I9 u1 N' fis a significant concern for physicians. Central1 Z2 }7 j; }9 \0 r
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated. d! k' R0 A/ _: a
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
4 n9 ^+ g' b3 za higher incidence of organic central nervous system4 Y/ |6 s1 u7 h/ Z
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
- b* a: O* t) p6 E7 Hby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
7 a7 \6 A9 a, X* @hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
. e$ }3 m0 [* J6 P, Mcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
4 V; Q) i. P6 O+ S' I; Creport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
7 h6 l# ]8 k4 h, f- m3 menlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
: z. o, o$ R0 x: b* D- Gment without testicular enlargement, which was due* k- u0 U: C3 u+ q- F
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
/ s9 k' D, R0 m5 N! kthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
3 T& P$ F' p9 w% S' ?0 p& o6 ymation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this3 t1 z. T" E! k5 Q5 X3 o8 b
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
5 L; l8 r5 {) |9 C, ^testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
; N' h8 @9 E; {; ]1 Y  Rbly more common than the rare case report in the
$ n9 n+ c& N5 b/ R5 fliterature.4
5 @4 ], \. {7 H9 Q5 YPatient Report
: T8 a1 E1 v* s- ?7 E  Y; @. uA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
) d3 _3 V" b2 J0 ?9 v7 Lendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern* W1 t/ @7 u# m9 a6 `7 V
of early sexual development. His mother noticed- z9 j) B9 v9 S1 k/ T
light colored pubic hair development when he was
5 m0 V. }6 d$ BFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of% m$ V3 U1 S( g, D- I
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
4 i5 F9 N0 o# t: K: QAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,2 e& W$ z9 V" E% f, H: E
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of7 S: Z1 I+ o' y: K$ v% M& r# V
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
& P+ v) y* l' ue-mail: [email protected].
) B3 R+ r) W6 B- A( b1 habout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became7 }- N$ b8 L' R/ e
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
% |2 W# I! g, ^5 G9 Gment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
  ?: [. Q/ ?: w+ Y' N4 x( _7 {; bwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 B4 b  f( A+ i2 n6 N
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of/ j: t, b/ E( G  l+ f; j/ d/ h
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
4 Z( ]- ~* W0 T2 m2 y( z; Zof life and was still receiving breast milk along with/ V9 l% y" X, Q" y# f  G
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,3 D$ W( v0 j/ {9 s
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
3 x+ X& G9 @* d4 M  i5 c6 K8 zwas age appropriate.0 `" U' d" m  u9 G. p
The family history was remarkable for the father,
( P2 H& n/ G8 S& K4 f" e' ~who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,& J+ X0 ^$ l( f, F6 d! h
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; c1 x) f: \. E5 Z
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
: L  @( x) z2 C0 {* xearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.8 s+ m% X2 b/ ~$ G$ }; l3 P3 g! V
The father denied taking any other medication. The
* p4 `7 a/ E/ Lchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche# D. {$ i* w$ ^0 x9 j
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet3 n  }" \1 D- S# P
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
$ p- c; H2 |: j. B& Scocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
- v5 z7 {: V9 d9 V: G2 etives. There were no siblings.8 U& E# j7 w( R9 I7 Z) D% \+ _2 R# j
Physical Examination
1 `' r; ?3 n# j( k8 b+ L; ]6 FThe physical examination revealed a very active,
0 j1 X& A1 g  H2 V9 z5 Rplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented7 \! N% x$ {- L, E' G7 l" M
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
7 l5 L' Q$ q- N0 Z( S- Z90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg/ W" z( _8 J% Q6 B2 t
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth4 T( ^2 W2 R, A# O
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
2 i3 q+ @* i( ]3 I3 @the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.' F  D1 h5 I; {; g1 x; \3 G$ A
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
/ \" n) f! F$ t" Z  genlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of) c  J9 W, L4 F) Q' V
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well' z) X; V7 n$ y! n- @6 T& C% o3 ~5 q
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around: P, L: ~6 h7 s$ m" [' j
540: v9 I; g( B1 z) s& r/ a
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the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The" n1 E, H4 t* V) ]
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
4 d* a6 j( z3 \; a( nThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
' i- [) ^; F& Q$ M) |  c1 Foily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no( F2 t! }; t, ~" T2 Y6 i
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.- Y! C/ e) C8 e/ U+ F- u- [
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
& t0 [7 i3 w% g3 o7 j6 M/ A- P4 j- Vbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
4 V/ v( b$ R( J+ Aof papilledema.
+ t' y8 o$ d! H# H' G7 hLaboratory Evaluation
9 F0 r3 X+ [# v& G5 H/ I$ SThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by7 k9 A# n) [# l7 {: c6 P7 J, O; w
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 U( p! i/ g- @logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
# H! O: O4 v, P4 r4 p0 s* Qkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
$ w2 L0 O' E3 L# c2 m2 Nshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-4 o1 [+ C- I& {% S- e7 M( A
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal)., v$ m6 I7 x) l! c8 [; Q9 u$ f; I
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
7 F6 w, K$ O- Z3 o- h7 ^urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
" _8 d: d) A- C( Pwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
: O: u' a0 T$ o+ A* E3 Y1 y/ J; U# }of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL9 q, Q6 t1 Y4 A8 e2 A" j& z
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
; {: v7 m* A7 \! L/ x: I# ^  v; vng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-' U  V" _- f7 Y+ q* x: E6 M
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
/ g7 C, G" D. sdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
. I2 c" M9 c! h  n  k49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
" E1 I& a( n; t+ {8 V# Ywas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-6 k# B, M+ b& W2 k- ~: c+ g
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total" ]# n5 O0 B0 Q- A" F8 x
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
0 v* h2 ]/ Y: D! Jand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than: _, I% U4 g' g& f
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
# m$ a! L6 i3 o/ x" p  v- j" xstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
* e1 D4 w9 I( W1 l/ }# w6 Aconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL! c' s! e6 O, I5 n3 |: r% p
(prepubertal).0 w& H6 W1 G  A5 p1 @+ C
The parents were notified about the laboratory$ J2 Q, O9 P" I& W5 s4 F
results and were informed that all of the tests were
2 o7 T) V( ]6 x0 ^, Y! |normal except the testosterone level was high. The
2 L( K1 D. n( ]6 }$ B) P6 Dfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to& r! I( w( w" z/ R
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! G) v* Z  W/ z& R- e4 k7 b4 X; i
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.! }0 X- |5 b1 W# r% [
Physical examination at this time revealed that the+ `$ M4 z! d5 d+ `$ `, J' b
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
  W0 \! v+ s7 {$ r# q2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained) ]' Y+ G9 u. G* t  s
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-% Z9 t: h+ C: |* I2 s5 M5 r. M
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
5 a& `8 x& e7 N' ?! Q1 bthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 24 a6 [0 \: |9 G3 z: P( k5 o
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
# F1 o/ |2 m6 ^9 w) c8 ]The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
+ C- J( r5 ~7 j5 v6 Ning frequent erections.( c! D: V6 J* D" K% l! L. e
Both parents were again questioned about use of" w, h! {1 u0 |2 S
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to% C2 i- N0 _" n
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
% v6 g0 e3 G9 i( r1 e( uTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5419 u; x: c1 P6 b
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
! ?! G. Z. C1 |6 ding over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for. i: L3 ^3 G) [: Q% g
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed1 l3 B) c7 \/ K% I# u1 H
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-0 d8 V) l( n/ }7 J/ W3 F
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
: h8 k  \$ [! }: T' Z9 j. X& @, Gsecondary to depression.
( p8 I8 h" P% U$ B& \The child slept in the same bed with parents.
  y' z# U/ U: W, v9 ?5 r5 ZThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his- L) y2 u' N3 R& s. o
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-3 ]5 O# W# }1 \9 ?, r
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.1 j. @9 _4 g8 Y) q; K* E
The father also admitted that after the phone call,8 X8 R* P+ G2 E- }+ D, y3 G* H* p- Z
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby# \: Q8 E9 @" _9 ?6 z1 q4 K
was high, he then read the product information
" ^# g( {+ M1 s6 c7 x7 jpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
5 ^: y8 @0 ]0 d0 v! k: Ason for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
! X4 P' b: r* a) o$ ldecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the* A6 o8 c# C; ]; a
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had+ @4 L7 u/ Z  y! n
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
! r8 s: x# ?) ]" t/ ^test was ordered, but the family did not go to the5 K5 X+ M+ T( ]+ t1 A) U4 y
laboratory to obtain the test.% c; T( y; A$ f( F$ v
Discussion
5 s. y' C# b* ^( IPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary3 p' A1 P' _7 B# ?( B
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4$ I, j' n2 A; ]4 m4 [4 H
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
' h- W+ x5 n7 p. _+ a+ Tit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
' N# p: ^! I$ r$ Z2 T4 j& Xthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
1 ?( g/ f( m/ N( Vmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
: n0 L9 u8 N! N% `5 Qmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
" a( k0 z. q+ d( b, i0 R' C) i$ Qresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
) U( l- X9 l0 X6 d1 Hamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
' t0 I8 c0 j/ L# S! \% ]+ ]sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in: G! d: B6 C. Y
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-- N7 o6 ~) R! J$ V
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-) Q# F7 X0 f# G# l
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by( |! a. K+ f  _" N; G
gonadotropins.1,3! v. k6 B- }' }( r* P
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-  K8 ]) B: ]" [3 \) A# ^- z& q
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
9 P; m( Z' S9 W# v, F1 ~androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or$ N. I* y9 u9 R# z
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-& _( v" q' `6 _, G& [0 K: q
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
; z9 z8 T) y- a2 d3 p6 h) Jcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive5 ?, B* y3 E" w
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
5 o6 H& Z9 J  y& Y5 b) ?puberty in boys.3,4
; K7 t; l. u8 X. x" uThe most common form of congenital adrenal
0 ?( E9 G# [4 J7 R1 p3 c) Khyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
. v, D" T( l. D3 f6 G9 ^The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in7 ~4 b1 X0 S7 p
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,+ D' ^# M- V, N* @# g! ^" X
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
' _5 H0 b3 t( |! F) \  d" dexcess.1,3; }7 B' q8 K: W2 u8 a& p2 m
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 T5 Q2 D1 h! o542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
, A5 O7 M5 U  y2 ^7 ZA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-* g; h# o3 S) J, y- W7 ~
independent precocious puberty, which is also known5 r- ], X4 E1 G9 z" M
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
/ I. D' ?2 I2 E: Y: k1 Dvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
3 h5 d3 k3 O0 y% z$ Nwith this disorder are full pubertal development,) e" l, x/ u1 J9 H2 p7 @' ^
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys1 ?- D- G7 O* W) K: H7 P
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
( A  F. E9 o: C+ S0 P3 Zare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
6 u; d+ B3 q7 apubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
# H, u6 M: o4 C1 j. Nreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
2 w; Z; a6 v& s. g, A6 L3 }autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
- @7 ]) e0 t7 g3 Wmales; therefore, other male members of the family
! N* L9 m# P: j, t7 M4 X0 Z: Emay have similar precocious puberty.37 K) ~" G7 w- p( N) V; y1 b
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
, ], J. S+ W: f; O- Nsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-1 }# O% N8 f2 m+ ]7 g# v
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis/ G+ ?/ n& G7 V, K5 W: p! q
was in the differential diagnosis because his father7 Q; x4 T. q! Q! Z3 J2 X' k
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,4 i5 Z* g7 v& V# h: q. E
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the% @* T  V0 E6 e; h- U) k
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
" L  b; c2 Y) j* l$ @2 Vative initial history of androgen exposure, our+ ]0 k) ]: Q) t, M6 X. F
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,) n& n# m, X2 V+ [' O3 U- J* K* T
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase" `( x0 I* j' {2 ]; E  [8 e; p2 x
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-( Z# a+ ]9 Z% w8 h% F) l
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.8 A* q& k! z8 m& G+ \0 j' w0 }0 T( p. l
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly/ ?9 N% z$ }: p5 O# K+ F
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
% \7 o( ]( F  `' e5 tthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-( C6 W' S1 h( J1 }3 p& @- }4 L
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and' o* l+ y/ k4 T
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
" q2 Y0 J3 j: U  N4 u6 L! [terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
* {5 `6 ]# F2 D" L( v4 Q# |using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
8 z1 J8 ]. P* U0 R8 y2 S8 @, lDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
% H  \3 N) F9 X& s0 Wcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
( J1 S, V! P8 @unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
- A* A7 Y4 g  k& rSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
3 R& T# e- j' V1 M% W4 u& d) hbaseline value in those females who were exposed to8 `: q6 Y" A$ v- k- m3 ^
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male* B3 h# H* ^* {) T  T
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-  _, J% _6 j  i0 r1 e, Y
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.- Z2 M& g, W$ l
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
# r/ g% H2 ~( B4 Q0 Dwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
) K/ R* b. d7 Q+ ]; hdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-; o' s: a4 C. Y- ]
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more5 I! S# n$ K( a5 Z9 h9 r) R- c
active in young children exposed to testosterone8 W( H4 I7 U/ o$ X
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
2 `* B0 [9 D! p8 K0 f" f" Ydrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to  B) X- N7 B  k# V1 Z& g$ Q
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in# r7 m* f4 A- |/ B: @- \  p
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
" V& T: F1 [& U/ padvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
$ a& g$ I3 k; A( P. v6 h2 LThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during, W" ]  a8 U& K) m
early childhood on pubertal development and final
6 Z0 C/ h& C1 ]0 ~% A5 u) }9 \adult height are not fully known and always remain( e+ \# Z* R; a! o$ a% p0 T" r
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-4 F* h+ R- O4 N9 }  F8 o
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some! t6 R0 t- T- g7 d1 O4 y
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
1 y9 X5 s/ W" O6 O4 q( H( ]. z- ^7 scessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation' E: C0 F7 ^. J% ~' t
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
  M9 ~' G- G9 d4 K- c. H( ]There are conflicting reports and controversy% p) U4 ~' f  m) E6 s
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult  `: X+ W2 V( }1 Q8 [/ X/ T, u
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
5 f( n+ i2 w: b: Q* P; {adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
: G0 ?) ]* X) G1 C7 Q! X9 G1 ]" K# Kulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,9 d' a. g" G; i/ H6 C1 q
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between9 ]! k/ {1 O( A" Q* {
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult+ K3 X. Q  M7 _
penile length in clinical studies.
  ~. a* b, A) gNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is3 P5 q/ v1 h8 C6 \5 V$ ^6 G
going to experience any of the untoward effects from5 C: D- Y1 \: f
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
3 T# L+ a, Z( G' t; e0 X  Ithe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
7 |( |; O7 B- f' IAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of8 ~9 g/ x- S; M! k7 _' x9 c
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at; h- M/ Z. I# K
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
$ Q, a+ k" r( t% k) \height will not be affected.5 Y3 t& Z" Y$ i2 w8 C  C: t& t" H
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-4 [. G% V) ?2 D; _7 a
ability of androgen products in our society may+ @3 a& W3 }1 y( n1 J
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
& @7 h; R. g' H: ]. mchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-, g( z2 _- a5 Z* w: V, b
gen products must be considered and specific ques-9 v3 m4 s, H6 G: R& P5 q
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
" e' H- ^. Z/ n3 c/ {gel should be asked of the family members during3 M* h1 Q% k% }8 ~# \8 ?
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
8 G) {0 q3 E  l7 T' k. I7 w0 rilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-" c. ?" D. [* s$ B/ O* X
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by% N' h* v& E7 w; V/ S7 v  v4 g) P
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
1 g  u; A7 T5 w5 s3 R6 ghistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may9 X" B+ ?% Z* ^$ x
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive; [  y7 ]) M# T- f. O7 q6 X; x' p
investigation. The primary care physician should be+ P- J# e3 ]( @/ d. d$ D, m
aware of this fact, because most of these children4 m# s+ j' |$ s. _. J; Y3 {, |* ]5 l
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
. `! W( H( r0 c  S6 v5 P! Q: aDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
5 q. g. Q3 V5 P  V* B4 @warning about the virilizing effect on a male or3 w1 D; b- F, n7 ?6 E. _
female child who might come in contact with some-% s2 y; D. s/ E# i/ f" U# Y1 ^
one using any of these products.5 E2 B9 X, h7 b+ e5 g" s( }
References) v! g! m: w, h; ]1 ]3 _
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation* v( V: p) u+ R, p# N
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric% a# D6 x4 A7 V
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;: U; I# O2 ?( X  U* A
2002: 565-628.
$ ]& x# g, D' k, s. [2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
6 t' I# t1 Q' T6 x" l; Hpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

* b) ~& {* k2 Y4 s" H) N: [  C精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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