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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
0 R; o( t8 F; W: V' F* A. dBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
4 E! I7 X5 u! ~, A, J/ OExposure to Testosterone X4 |9 |$ g J0 U* c. i7 Z
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,22 B0 X# k6 e2 u+ A5 ^3 Q* I9 }
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ V9 ~5 s% J8 Z
Clinical Pediatrics
2 n; f1 I! R! kVolume 46 Number 6
6 q7 K1 ]& J- P. V% B, jJuly 2007 540-543
E/ S3 P5 [) [( ?© 2007 Sage Publications% W3 E4 J- ?: p0 f: I
10.1177/0009922806296651
7 w5 |# m. |& i' z2 v* Ihttp://clp.sagepub.com0 z* y3 H5 f, B
hosted at
4 {) t0 ~+ X! X2 J, ~+ C% s& @http://online.sagepub.com
" ]" D" ^& ^0 MPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
m* ?, H6 [- q2 a. yis a significant concern for physicians. Central7 ?7 Q8 P; i" \/ _* f
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
. T/ X5 Z3 C- _through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
1 Z' O: e2 B7 b7 oa higher incidence of organic central nervous system
9 e, a2 G% s+ I: D, ^& e4 L- ilesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested7 k# D% Q* `# D3 q2 H- h$ P1 H/ V1 t
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic5 {$ Q& A$ v7 u1 h$ o* B5 g0 N$ p
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) g/ W* \4 o# b7 k4 M& k7 Q, j# tcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
- f- [. I; g1 t- Yreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
2 M9 {8 n3 U5 {8 B" k, senlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-/ Q7 y/ w2 w- T, W) I: U
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due5 t- Y1 ~7 I4 q, |* K
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
2 h( ]) v9 O( Xthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-% R t: l: H' h% x1 O" e
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this4 m+ Y: I2 Y8 B9 ^* T# j
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
. ~$ T; g- b. N/ n! \testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-6 I/ F2 }1 J, |1 I) K' c
bly more common than the rare case report in the0 I. i- l" l, N! b0 L
literature.45 L( R9 \' r+ B7 d4 ^" E
Patient Report( A" m8 E2 G1 F2 n
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' p0 ]! n2 X/ R* [endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern+ \" \" e5 h3 z8 e. B) W3 S3 |! R
of early sexual development. His mother noticed7 `# r1 q( J4 C6 h, o
light colored pubic hair development when he was
) n0 u" y: |, J7 P7 D2 |From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of5 E/ N5 [* _6 V
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
. i! Q2 t# Q6 V( N& l0 KAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,( G# l, I b, E0 I/ H1 m8 I
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
' F ^; `# d4 ?1 BMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;6 R2 x) p2 {2 J
e-mail: [email protected].
0 R: q+ e4 k7 W+ ]6 Y4 Rabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became9 N3 G& t4 p5 [% G8 y0 d
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-, u N. T# M7 @. z- {
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child# e6 v( D: ~6 o0 x7 f
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with9 _ w& g% C1 f; k2 Y4 p% [8 N: _
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
' t! y! r h0 b! }20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year5 `) ]) \" Q9 Q9 z+ V0 G
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with" K3 S S5 G" `2 y2 E( r3 i; `, m
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery, E& h* q5 C! ?2 {! |3 k( Y; b
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
9 }# Z4 V5 U6 \' Swas age appropriate.9 \' b' T6 j, D0 B: m9 t
The family history was remarkable for the father,* _0 _8 ~$ H4 A; G. z4 M0 y, ] K
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,# H8 @- V: g( a! ~: I
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
) F' _# j: w& u1 c7 Gheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat7 r8 T7 r) ?; x2 k
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.- `( ~+ A1 V) x9 q! ?: q1 Z) Z
The father denied taking any other medication. The. r8 T/ o6 y: {
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche' h. [ O6 ~4 w7 S/ D4 H; M$ I
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
8 x5 G9 B* ^1 @# {) a/ i5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
; m' a- P% L/ a" t1 xcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-. s# P0 N1 n/ Z) |
tives. There were no siblings.
$ a( S+ l7 C! e. cPhysical Examination
4 ] [* ~* H: I( a% ?The physical examination revealed a very active,
! {/ Y/ {* @* Uplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented% Q% x# E+ a ?* B7 e; R4 Z
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
$ Y+ j8 U% \! B+ N/ R8 K% V7 Q90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
* C( D, D6 A& V( G(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth9 S4 u- I' D4 ~! ?' N) S0 ~
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
8 U) b4 B+ x0 }9 d5 Z) rthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
) C# }( n+ ]* O" c$ ^* fThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for1 m8 {6 D) k Z1 @, M& N
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of- h; s, z) o5 K! R" ^1 R
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
: Z s3 U+ K- L6 s/ I- adeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around# i& M) B) |; h$ M
540
$ @& X" a% P# Y: h1 `9 H% h' [8 J/ bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
3 x0 u' ^7 P, _: M/ P6 zthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The$ l8 i$ D9 [" O* h# v3 s+ r% o& F. ^
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
l |& q1 R( s" y" t7 r. L$ hThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat9 \9 W5 |' ]7 E* k& S* y& V2 ~
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no5 |5 P+ U, V, ?0 s$ c
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.( i- L3 H+ _7 Z# K; G. G8 g$ n
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
$ K4 g- p: A: V+ H' Jbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion. `3 r$ L; }4 E: n. ?( T
of papilledema.; K ? r# K! d" Y! {6 f
Laboratory Evaluation" q0 c( s4 f' y( i) _* d
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
0 n9 f5 g: G7 x. O, Xusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
" I7 d3 ]+ {" z3 vlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
6 i& x! j z# `* x5 t% ^1 Qkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
0 z/ e$ m. b0 e3 w9 Cshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
* B+ M' |: a0 ^$ Plating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).- J" m) s% Y9 [. @$ P/ ^' O2 K% c2 K/ Q1 P
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
# o# R9 B; e! a( d/ E. W; Rurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% Y* U2 ?$ i1 s. {9 K
within normal range for his age. The concentration' H( A- e. d% r
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
- s! \" K: N! o- |7 G9 P) m(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
5 q& m( w& e: R; j) o: Nng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-: r+ p* I9 @7 W
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
1 D, ?9 I. A5 u( L, i- l& pdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to. [) T& l6 I' d8 e! S% o
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)2 y$ z% U$ e+ @6 }( J; V9 N+ u
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
5 j, [2 V% f& V6 Vtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
d0 y& H6 i( ^' S7 k3 X8 t mtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),) b8 M8 R+ d# {, U- C, G
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than- S" c- e' H$ ]. I
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular, P @5 k" H% N: {3 J. ~
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone: H6 f1 z6 @% b" J7 \
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
( z. f3 v' k9 i @+ X! z(prepubertal).
3 }% H. d1 b3 |4 ^* ]+ o! w! lThe parents were notified about the laboratory' u2 j2 x; \( p) M
results and were informed that all of the tests were! ^! E4 L7 a9 ?
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
# H3 P0 r, `. X8 D" C/ N' ?" Xfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to4 R" [, M' `; A
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
+ W5 P3 V: ~2 }! Rever, the family did not return for 4 months.9 }0 x9 I% j5 P0 |5 D& W6 ]
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
+ }7 r% ~& M- a Y5 ~child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
' t4 e" k; e! p: \6 X+ J" J, ~ H2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained2 i) J3 e% _# ?4 E5 n9 s
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-1 s3 s& k) l9 d" t' E4 \
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
a# C. \2 {1 L; Wthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2' ?7 {: u& }+ _, o ?
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
& [1 ^) n2 }- l$ gThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-* i7 i2 J9 `; H7 m
ing frequent erections.
% }- W% n3 L7 oBoth parents were again questioned about use of
/ v- I0 q3 Y6 G" p0 m2 Y: A [: ]; dany ointment/creams that they may have applied to- v& w& |& g9 Z$ {1 \
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the& O; x! g% ^ |- `; U- m+ R6 w
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
) u. H0 t, ]' ]! u5 y5 T+ H8 E* xuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-: u1 I% L4 I+ ~2 U
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
m0 |' Z4 _2 s, i: }% |a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed( P' s+ i. V' H
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-' Z6 b" n. x# I3 Q
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
v* H+ Y7 Y6 [secondary to depression.
6 i: R0 _5 M! _9 FThe child slept in the same bed with parents.- l- G$ t. F" q @2 B6 o
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
- g+ N, n9 x# Bchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
1 U7 w$ ` b8 jnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.0 B0 g$ Y* R) Q
The father also admitted that after the phone call, {# f1 z6 ~* d8 J i% `4 N! H
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
3 b; B! S2 c$ ~" g3 Awas high, he then read the product information" w! C- c% X9 K, r! L; `+ i( [
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
& F$ c: V) g. [ V$ R. mson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
; |9 ]# d! Z2 l7 u5 edecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the' f* c1 X. o4 ]( u
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had3 j) O) H5 q- ?( N4 f
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
9 }. x1 s! o. wtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
; m' H }" M' {: T3 ilaboratory to obtain the test.) b/ u5 T' V0 q
Discussion
( T9 S) K) B! p5 y: A0 mPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
& R3 W, n' p" M3 n; x" @sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4) y8 f B1 \9 |: Y
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when! U H( _6 p$ {8 u+ s, I
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
% ?+ I, |7 {0 R4 v& B+ y3 Dthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-- o9 B" d3 B2 e3 t1 q F* R
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP& e/ ?# r k/ l2 w
may have a central nervous system lesion that is( j; N* S% o) Y0 B
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
+ v. L. f- F. {6 I7 ramic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
7 T, u6 C# d- P( T% ]1 H2 `) Asis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in+ l6 D' @ @( x9 B5 o4 }
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-. u/ Q% d, d5 m5 {& s e, Q7 w* b
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-, P2 V5 M5 b) w8 G
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% d+ F( [" J& W
gonadotropins.1,3$ I6 U, v% V8 A: F
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-# }7 \9 X- i: s
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
# l6 d9 ~4 M# k0 c: Kandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
9 j$ O O7 O1 E4 nexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
- Y7 a! [! _. dulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing# A/ f' }* k/ f- V1 C! L" h4 ^
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
7 ]* H S5 E+ t1 ~adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
7 ]" O4 W3 i9 S9 ?1 i7 Y1 l+ Jpuberty in boys.3,4
9 T5 f/ L# V8 h( `8 M5 vThe most common form of congenital adrenal$ n/ D9 a$ W' f: l3 z" v
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.- H9 J: a; X8 Y. y) h6 ?% m+ t/ Y8 T1 ~5 {
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in# j# M, u% Y5 U" _1 m8 D- p2 q
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
; B0 k& w+ z- T- }' Y- ]7 yan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
( }0 F4 ^- a6 K/ J8 f4 L6 m4 k* Vexcess.1,3
" l7 |3 Y* k% v' @. Vat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
& d' N7 G, ?* A+ a( G) m3 E5 K542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20075 E) e- E3 _4 M# W4 H/ g0 G7 `
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
. z" k; {/ M2 H0 C8 ?( Findependent precocious puberty, which is also known) s) e8 g- l) ]# [
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
6 J- w# e8 q% q6 _/ \7 Pvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
4 y1 K0 {3 p3 Y1 o# ^. Xwith this disorder are full pubertal development,) k, Y4 Y! X- O1 x& D K" V- K
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
- D/ s- u: a1 q0 }( g) J2 f- q0 |/ Awith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
0 w+ q. e* @7 C) j* {" ~& j- j- qare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show# t7 D" ?3 h) v
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-/ `, R9 K$ z! K
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
3 y0 W1 d5 [1 T) c* n4 b2 Uautosomal dominant disorder that affects only9 j: u. c4 W1 P; ~. Q
males; therefore, other male members of the family
5 w' Y+ p1 d8 jmay have similar precocious puberty.3
3 G7 r3 ^+ f; }6 z0 e$ f. PIn our patient, physical examination was incon-3 b) f7 O, v4 E2 b
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
B* D: [+ w' u. p3 ~cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis/ e) R8 ?/ |" V( h% U
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
, l8 P2 n7 P8 }* U$ g9 o2 ystarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
7 D% U. B! m2 ^( b' q2 ptesticular enlargement is not that evident in the+ Z8 U" R" g7 a1 P- T
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-/ I" a" E# @" u
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
! s/ f" c3 F/ U) Sbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,+ E ~: U5 R7 z5 w# X
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
0 H! O8 D$ D2 d6 ~* b g/ D( i7 Zdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-3 J( o1 e# g8 d" w/ s4 s$ X$ ^; W
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.. `3 \# M1 l: G
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
, u6 `6 F. E9 Q# Q2 Gsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
9 f6 W6 [2 B3 Q% m$ }9 Sthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
7 u: Q& A2 @! O5 y; r3 Q9 [ ~" T8 ?pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and" }9 o, _1 r. i2 z: C8 o7 T
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
3 R x/ s9 I" g0 r! n9 cterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
/ R- u4 I) D/ r- x9 z: ?using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
% f5 N+ Q, B: J" z( dDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
% L4 m; Y+ ] j; P% L( F' R- fcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
# d# y9 b5 t5 E' Cunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
5 z$ p) G0 v, pSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the( _# L e7 I/ s2 k8 k
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
, b( ^4 `0 }" w. |+ L5 F. w% }7 Seven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
! S2 O% q P/ x( T+ k) | Bpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
8 |, j; W$ |$ L& i- E3 l6 Vtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.: A2 x% F5 w/ i$ z3 l
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
6 g# b7 P0 r& k/ {' v" _which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that( D( `4 g2 d6 E6 G+ W1 v! @! d$ \
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-* C- R1 O6 x% }4 t7 E
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more5 w( o$ {8 Y. E, V& F- [ {
active in young children exposed to testosterone9 P2 V: P; x. f
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-: x6 h# c: l h/ G# Y' F
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to! x/ g- b, e$ C0 e% J
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in; p- K; @+ W4 g- I! k; ?3 N
children results in an increase in growth velocity and V: H2 N2 \( V7 G7 |# N# L% v9 v
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.* ~) M* S+ {& i1 a$ e- _! H& }
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during, ]% J& M I1 J- n8 E1 A7 A: F
early childhood on pubertal development and final2 @* V9 N7 r# d7 E) a& j, j8 W2 @6 l
adult height are not fully known and always remain0 |5 l# K. k4 Z0 d9 Y
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
* P) W" r! _ c9 o8 Pterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
* Q g6 L6 H8 @7 c; P* B* Dacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after9 y- _+ u3 {! U* j- c0 C# x" f
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
. y( E# K& T- G& k! L. c9 {decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9% i# x7 ^) [5 D4 ~7 }1 C1 @
There are conflicting reports and controversy2 U5 R0 r5 K, a" x
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
n7 V7 X6 Y4 G( h/ \penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
" T5 ?8 w9 `. X6 T* dadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-6 Q4 t7 U" R b6 k9 ]6 J
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
# s- G _4 U. B. v5 b+ @Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
! F2 V; T1 ^9 o0 d$ l1 O% gchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
M% Y2 s9 q8 w6 npenile length in clinical studies.
$ b2 O2 N# L; ANonetheless, we do not believe our patient is( g$ e: }' g1 X$ i, e5 m( I
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
8 q, i# Y4 i+ p# p( k& Jtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 }) c: }0 z( {1 g& I3 V( cthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
|5 D9 `. f3 O, ]% cAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of* [) O2 A9 e5 z9 n3 A) {; ?
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
: s& z! K# J# v: l' {& othe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
u# ^9 E; N' f) L/ F2 I+ Vheight will not be affected.- a8 l8 U) R0 u" }, Y
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-7 a0 M7 N6 v8 s# C$ g/ K8 v
ability of androgen products in our society may
a4 z0 w- @9 ]5 jindeed cause more virilization in male or female
% e4 F3 o6 x1 \children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
9 h+ q0 R) W: U, Q% ]gen products must be considered and specific ques-
& P9 N# r& E% a+ j7 }% |tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
- j+ \7 g% |" X9 g$ ]( vgel should be asked of the family members during
! _- w+ \* s+ L, Athe evaluation of any children who present with vir-) k- y, ?4 \ T9 @( A7 @
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-/ l( x8 F9 l8 f, p. y! i
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
2 ~# k7 x( B7 Nappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a" X; u, j& ~' q$ |/ l
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may) _! F/ [5 [$ G( @# V& O! V f% I
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
% K3 {" {, q6 O- N$ W; t0 Binvestigation. The primary care physician should be; d3 u/ S) D- V2 n6 ^6 K
aware of this fact, because most of these children
% {/ n# J- G5 v) E; M* e( Gmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’# s$ O2 ]+ Z1 M
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
: O$ [) M8 ^9 L) @% e, q5 ewarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
: C0 D6 C6 @7 ^. d, u o! D# _female child who might come in contact with some-
) v, M2 D: A& U; M9 i" o# Wone using any of these products.7 m8 u- K" |% h1 ^
References
7 e8 w3 h& x8 l9 e$ M, I1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
. \* m, p' \& u+ ?: mand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 W1 {8 C9 `) ?
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
9 m/ V$ f6 x% x1 E0 z3 L! _9 O2002: 565-628.
- l% n/ K5 m! y) Q9 a2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious8 S* n) L3 e6 l+ o) l
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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