- 註冊時間
- 2023-5-6
- 精華
- 在線時間
- 小時
- 米币
-
- 最後登錄
- 1970-1-1
|
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02
|
顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
! Y- }5 B/ D N) O: nBoy Induced by Indirect Topical6 \0 Q2 ~* ~6 R, f- y
Exposure to Testosterone. B, ] v9 x7 B2 H
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2$ I/ j) Q; D5 I5 i; [! q9 K: y; x
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ h, s t+ ]* E5 e& w5 b
Clinical Pediatrics! v" i0 I! ^- d" Y
Volume 46 Number 6
# w! E) N1 y) L4 PJuly 2007 540-543# d* _) g4 C! Q5 q+ _8 k8 D1 m
© 2007 Sage Publications- q0 z7 u- ?( F% n+ y
10.1177/0009922806296651
, I! \: Z" {8 Y, S9 Zhttp://clp.sagepub.com
/ c* E& |1 u" M4 Qhosted at
: P- y% {% @5 C3 g9 ]http://online.sagepub.com2 c( k, t+ g& ~: v! Z
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- W8 h# N6 d" G1 y* O1 y2 zis a significant concern for physicians. Central
0 d# k, _5 Q- N+ c. j& u! Z( p! Gprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated; b5 B/ |; n, k1 c( b3 `8 o0 k4 Y
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
) Q3 i$ j+ E4 j3 n( J- _! L9 S8 @a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
0 r6 A. D! l, V! [* F; e9 wlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested" N% R# O' _$ @
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic1 b( ?1 p- h U/ ^3 x1 t$ f& N
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
/ r$ Y+ Y$ g, Z$ }' y, U: bcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We$ Y0 p- x& ?! c1 g u9 J( \
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ l. P0 E- @7 T/ Q [" _/ h
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop- J0 H! K- d$ ^# k/ g$ O
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due- E. f3 ?- y1 v& k& O( A
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
9 v) P& i2 j$ Z+ b/ N, x) n; V3 vthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-6 s( Q; s9 f5 b- K7 ]8 X% e1 [
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
* h0 l2 p: |4 {! k; }5 Ychild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
1 B2 u1 Y0 A' Utestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
4 K! |$ I0 w9 N/ pbly more common than the rare case report in the5 c {. F$ ]: Y ~7 c
literature.46 \" h/ V0 n% I( a4 k6 W# ]
Patient Report/ g( c' a0 Y/ W; g( a7 j2 s
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the' ] c! g2 }8 a. g9 I
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern3 K, P& k$ R* a8 Y
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
' S' y7 T6 w% ` n4 t6 X- slight colored pubic hair development when he was# y- T- I5 i1 R% P
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
( J0 U- U8 k" O. O% \2 B4 eSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama. k+ K% A d$ J% C+ E& R
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
' I3 o' [( E7 k8 ] _& K3 C7 OProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
0 ~- c" q [& U8 s, PMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;/ t$ F9 {( I# [ I3 q* v, P
e-mail: [email protected].; y3 P! U7 V' }5 y
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became" ?6 U; O' c9 y
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) q3 X' b7 d' t) j
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
4 o4 e7 S' D9 `' [, s( G$ `( iwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
3 X" C; I0 U% V) j/ u* U0 Ia birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
3 x1 `4 y* M* _* G20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year, D! w1 a: O3 o6 U( s0 \$ C v6 |
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with1 U; F3 G4 L6 M. C& w! i
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
: |! E" n6 a) T1 Q5 M2 V9 s& P, Kand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
- [8 D5 b; D8 _# g/ e! i& }was age appropriate., Z/ ~- |) S! D3 N- K5 S
The family history was remarkable for the father,) X- Q. ?* m) e- k& H7 n: j7 Z8 Y9 a
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,' K( c0 O& \- B" u/ C' l
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
% ]! d( t( I! W+ A9 uheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
2 R3 |+ u5 [. Jearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
# `& V' Q3 z. o5 ~The father denied taking any other medication. The
; N8 X9 N0 {( ?3 F' kchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
* g7 H& z; X5 mwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
; Y5 \9 d6 J; s3 h5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-3 j, ]( F L. j! p( A3 P
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
% R3 O0 ]+ F+ ? `3 {tives. There were no siblings.) N8 M3 A/ C* z" q
Physical Examination. W# N2 m: a3 O1 ~! |1 g8 t
The physical examination revealed a very active,
) I( C+ Q! ?. G% q! D$ _1 wplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
8 ~- z7 E, C: l, h/ {; ]a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was# _" T4 z- i! W Q4 E
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg" ^4 Z9 t- `* Y3 \
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth8 y% s+ X+ U n
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
6 D8 y6 _1 z) @: j! V2 K2 U) ~, Lthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
- p! ^1 h. k" X [$ EThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for, ]/ V2 f, P* X$ Q {
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
9 w) W3 s4 Z8 a* a2 B c8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well! D3 L( q0 ]# W
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
# j9 h" e8 K; S: P" G540# S( Q( E+ k; Z% @* E/ x" D& I" c
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ i5 J% F$ w0 qthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The) y7 P" R& M5 {1 p: `& E; y
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.% g0 Y; w! _3 y& ?( c1 `0 Y' h
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% @4 |1 k9 Q& j$ P m
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
( L, L3 I( A$ r0 I# }abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.6 Y) \5 b* o7 f( _# V' v% P- E& Q
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+5 g/ c4 J& Q) W+ O+ v7 z+ h: K' X
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ W* F9 C' _$ e& g; e" xof papilledema.
+ \2 Y1 q" y0 A/ x# [ RLaboratory Evaluation
2 D- r* {$ @# T2 A& l7 OThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
2 U1 h' O( T4 Z5 Cusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
3 y+ b. k9 A& E" S3 n) Z! C4 nlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ P1 m, B5 f& B& Ukaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test. z' V \' X" E9 B, r
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-% N. a% P; L. P# a( F5 _' w
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ O1 J3 Q: J+ |The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
" P! D V3 O! W3 eurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
. ?7 p& \+ B7 j) x4 R- M3 Xwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
& D }* {& j4 [7 h) l# ~of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
6 \5 a* p4 n" a& P& d/ G, k" D$ R(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20 U# N: w/ g& W1 {
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-0 y5 \2 i( Y$ A r$ k
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
. r) D. v% w1 z5 r$ c4 w& zdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to+ l/ S, w1 v/ V3 h5 |7 g
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
# o3 ]* K0 h) j# xwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
' k. G; {& W4 M6 Y0 p% T1 h& Qtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 B% g# h/ ^+ Wtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),# a% F* V" n: j- D7 P4 m$ [
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
7 {( v7 s. B& h$ J! v4 K5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
3 w- L+ G2 o5 ~" X' p1 P0 i3 a) _stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
# a5 j/ }% V [# y; f% Qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL! N( D, m# P6 {. ]" P4 `
(prepubertal).
0 e% C# m# Y) \" P6 Q% gThe parents were notified about the laboratory, @9 h+ }4 L9 F8 [7 a
results and were informed that all of the tests were8 _3 E; |' ]3 _1 s @
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
6 E0 C- b l& Lfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to& O; N5 A6 D% K
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-, t9 G) E' {0 ~9 J9 T
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
5 ?, b( p! Z; a4 f. JPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
( Y) [( R" y# g9 O8 Achild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
\9 C2 o- K4 p1 s2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained) U' T9 R. W$ N' L, X2 {
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 v- S) |( {9 A n$ b+ w+ o
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at; q2 I, l' Z2 q/ D/ u
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
; f, J! K+ ^- p6 B' t7 Q; @mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
" w) A- C: y& ^( N( @8 ]7 C! [The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-, [! J: b. t2 B$ }$ p6 H
ing frequent erections.0 {& o. r# m# w& T* [; o8 b5 ]
Both parents were again questioned about use of
2 D+ \; c+ K) ~' {0 J; b: Pany ointment/creams that they may have applied to! s+ D6 m6 z. I7 G
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
/ h! b5 n; O+ Q1 f$ m3 o) MTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541( R# B" b8 S* w8 n: O
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-% X0 S5 ]7 ~+ G: t$ _! P
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for6 @0 `. H8 `* Q4 S6 w% U% v7 @
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
" S4 C5 K; L* g9 _, F2 Yto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-+ x$ e/ v/ r( _7 R+ h
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
) S2 X) {( {$ N! e) o8 tsecondary to depression.7 Z; t3 F% l0 d. Q2 g! u0 E! d5 B
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
! v% x% e* O: }4 O" K6 R' ZThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his9 C3 A* R4 u8 N9 @5 h+ O8 T
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-, l5 ]$ w3 A y
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father." _0 O7 G8 L( ^* q# y
The father also admitted that after the phone call,( @& T1 B/ K, n. J8 N- E1 Q$ i
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
% q9 b7 p' A3 \8 r0 o1 `+ Mwas high, he then read the product information
. z. U. m! n6 h- ^7 v4 ~/ s2 Tpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
' `) i. C9 B! Oson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they. P; x7 Q/ x" F" n m
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the( @5 Y' Y7 `' h' p. m
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
; X7 G- ^3 T/ M& Cbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 W# n6 k7 I" d" ^$ M
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the4 k3 F$ L* R7 D$ {
laboratory to obtain the test.
' u! n5 G1 h- z- v( _3 l2 [+ t8 R6 ADiscussion( v- I `/ l0 p& c+ X9 D6 |
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
" s S& M4 q# x6 O1 Asexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
' s" h% R- B$ ?5 R1 gPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when& Y$ q. f- o) p- `9 b5 H3 c
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
. C; h5 P9 W. p. athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
, v, m2 j$ _/ smon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP; m- {" `3 O! |8 `8 H
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
9 ?/ x: |% l6 [% T8 {: V: P: Yresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
/ Z1 n; _+ e0 @0 oamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-" b/ W: l( z E. ]; [
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in1 I& z5 x5 P# [ W0 _+ v
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril- E' }$ R) B- A* P& ~; Z
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-9 Q3 n& J, F# r3 \: \
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by8 p7 E0 }& V8 u4 l7 X y! \
gonadotropins.1,3& L7 V' n0 j4 @
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-* K1 z: c$ v4 g" u9 }' W w! A
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate: G4 ]( D4 H& H$ w" ~
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
3 y$ H3 G+ N0 _* vexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
$ Z) I( `; Y9 Z; ^ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing8 Z. Z& r# u; g: b2 G( ?
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
) h: U' d% V% x* U, Oadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
5 T! B o$ Q3 \+ v3 p/ N, Dpuberty in boys.3,4" Z) I& `6 Q* T4 R
The most common form of congenital adrenal
, r( M T8 ]. ~! khyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.3 ~* g/ B2 Z& k* C! z
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in- E3 o, r( x% l1 Y6 k
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
* L$ [6 F9 c! @an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
2 T3 G' _! v# h# p6 M- sexcess.1,3
: n) l0 s/ c# G; u2 ~$ O6 q, _! kat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 }& A8 Q X! x( l542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
! |' ?$ R, L+ E# U$ o% P, OA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-& F2 d" O3 t2 S2 b& D7 a
independent precocious puberty, which is also known) j: |# P8 g) }4 Q
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
. V2 t2 V5 b) dvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
7 y: e9 Q# Q% G$ N' ~! Ewith this disorder are full pubertal development,
, [2 a) ?: R" `7 qincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys8 ^ D8 U) ?- ~) v
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder+ V8 v1 w( I# B- ]% T' Q% y
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show5 O+ ^$ {1 {3 J0 l* F, h
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 m- z# ~3 u4 f/ j% `0 L: X+ Hreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
# s" ?/ s7 n& p- S- Mautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
I' L, J4 c$ L) Imales; therefore, other male members of the family
8 P' M1 s; D5 u: C% c- @* Omay have similar precocious puberty.30 n% [( s: g1 n, a& k* k: C7 m! J, Z
In our patient, physical examination was incon-9 v V2 Q( w7 W: L5 i, x* f
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
* X: {7 Q# q! J C, v1 Z1 m4 K1 dcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis6 G/ y) f8 o0 p% Z( s& M8 `. T
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
8 B; S! [ I1 S2 J# t! \started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," i' ]5 m, Q* V) p: _' s/ i9 Q
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
4 P) ]9 N7 R1 M& Xbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
8 @8 k T& b+ |8 V+ j ?ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
% U8 l& W% Z1 h) z9 jbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
, K g+ M M3 u; @either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
) Z3 k! _. u; Z0 b, ideficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find- `0 n/ I' l+ V$ o' X* {9 _; m
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.% [5 v$ m3 a3 s+ `( S
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
: X y5 l2 e( X$ C+ nsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
# g/ g$ b7 C9 k9 sthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
0 G% J6 a" F# jpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
. A' e; E! G5 C$ l9 d+ g- l5 Ddecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
% D1 D) G) o) B& J R4 Fterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was+ }0 H' `' p# v" Y5 K7 d
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’& I1 W; w7 F. z. o5 Z
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
: N3 a) n6 `! q% Gcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
: y* l3 m( o$ Vunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
. z+ _. n4 Y. K, O1 e* HSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the# I- K0 h- i4 [. z6 Q! ?; |
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
5 e3 i. m1 L$ H: q" |0 ^, j6 m# @even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
9 \6 r+ L2 Q1 I6 W3 \) ^, x3 X) fpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
C. B1 `1 f" N& ition site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; h9 v" e- M e. K$ h
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL," o& D! A( i' s
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
* F0 K8 o! d4 p6 Mdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
2 P9 g8 i+ \1 V) V& t" Y1 p) [terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 g2 {1 f3 e8 H- ~( mactive in young children exposed to testosterone
" M/ h: P$ q2 q4 ~6 Fexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-+ R! f% a+ ^9 D( J; X/ S
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
% N# a! j5 {* i5 mvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in' Y& x# {+ }5 K6 J3 \, M) h
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
, J" u6 y) c/ Q- G8 iadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.$ z* N3 H5 F* \# V. ` l2 G( k
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
; l1 l3 l5 t- c, B9 m& iearly childhood on pubertal development and final! ^2 f0 x( ~, \# M) ?/ x
adult height are not fully known and always remain
' \0 H4 Y# n: ?' ?: P. \& fa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
5 L# J) o: @7 r+ J. vterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
. L' a9 n1 ], t1 l7 f$ `0 ~acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
- T2 M. t6 G4 d) z. b* Ecessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation9 \% B$ `( {8 T, C8 k+ t! ^" r
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
5 q( l/ m# \" z: o: tThere are conflicting reports and controversy2 r; y# _. f: j: s$ B, f
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
$ `+ I1 {' \5 a3 _$ L/ \9 rpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal; l, \7 ^+ j5 ?1 |- p$ x- t& E
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
. g# A5 _. G9 w( R' s8 Bulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,. ?8 \+ V( d3 Z3 \
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between+ y$ J2 i1 o# |' x! a+ t. W! z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
c/ O2 o( d, U) J9 l: `penile length in clinical studies.
- L. K, J$ ^! w- ~# |$ {: sNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
( y. a- _, }3 u$ C5 D S+ q+ ngoing to experience any of the untoward effects from5 t5 f5 U! k" l8 I! q
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
+ e k h9 i! vthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.! b9 x# f% W% {: `! [9 [* a
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of9 i& [) R) P8 X5 |* {6 T
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
, E) R: a. W' Y0 M1 wthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
) F+ V# Y0 D; b, aheight will not be affected.' e' ~1 L, A5 p
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
: o$ ^( L' p" B; R0 gability of androgen products in our society may
. b) f X0 `. }: ~ |: T1 hindeed cause more virilization in male or female& c8 _0 K# D- u% c, _
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
/ Z+ Q- `# ~8 _8 z0 Qgen products must be considered and specific ques-
- d0 {. G2 z9 R5 ^tioning about the use of a testosterone product or3 D+ \; s. i/ ~. M
gel should be asked of the family members during2 B, Y7 w1 l# S5 P' }' }, i
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-7 K3 D1 A" o) E. ]0 K0 R
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
; M+ t7 M( L0 _- X4 J; @nosis can be established by just a few tests and by- B6 Y" g0 z4 H, ^1 K
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
/ \' \, G# v" V% T9 Ahistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may2 l& U+ l; r. @/ K
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive- d, _' s4 D4 u" j5 e
investigation. The primary care physician should be
s% j9 j2 T5 T5 W; A a% B$ A9 aaware of this fact, because most of these children
' Y( }9 ?& E5 Imay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ d, O: ?: x* U9 @/ SDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
2 [! J4 N# |; @warning about the virilizing effect on a male or& y7 h. m) g" n" `
female child who might come in contact with some-" q0 b: O& ^% |
one using any of these products., G6 ~- e) O) n
References
+ K9 W4 h+ C( ?4 R8 z5 z1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation; r) [" f% h$ F M. h8 Q8 V6 Y" p
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
# j8 b- X H- u6 V- M8 \Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) Y& a, A D6 a2 G8 _
2002: 565-628.
2 t0 Q; w& S. ?, q' ~6 ~2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious4 q$ r! H' E' |7 {
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
|