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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old# R! f5 u& C0 N
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical  O% |2 c8 [+ g1 a0 v
Exposure to Testosterone
( Q) Q0 V2 k) z+ Y/ RSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
5 x8 {: I6 e  l) A1 y/ c# X7 Zand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1  H6 V* F# ^, i0 E6 E" y
Clinical Pediatrics( P7 O  s$ I- k9 _
Volume 46 Number 6
: ^' ?$ \' ?  F! T8 S; yJuly 2007 540-543
4 Y& B; @6 v; q& u, \7 x- W2 x© 2007 Sage Publications
* q. E( ^# h% z) n0 `+ K10.1177/0009922806296651
+ u9 r. M% d. `, d) j5 k9 ]http://clp.sagepub.com
  Z; O6 c8 X8 ?& l4 r! V& ahosted at5 f" _, c1 C& ]4 X* o) v/ K
http://online.sagepub.com7 J- S7 X3 Y$ v& `# _: s
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
7 C9 S/ D* r6 T: l! Kis a significant concern for physicians. Central* j  B4 S0 l6 J+ {6 K
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
# x; ~$ j8 g* g# k0 Lthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
4 }0 H( w7 P: O/ m2 ea higher incidence of organic central nervous system! ?" H$ R8 a& d9 g5 ~1 _
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
: p0 w6 m% o; H  q! Q+ Aby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic! g# q5 i3 S' X, u$ t9 Q4 W7 O
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-/ G7 h7 {7 I8 M( w, r
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We% E! Z3 g7 ?/ T( Y. {) V$ R$ O1 \
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the6 w. q8 ]7 W) q+ o7 A  ^
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
6 j4 W# U$ C  L* J7 g( tment without testicular enlargement, which was due1 \$ A6 |0 b$ F
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
# Q$ v4 p4 h4 {the father. The family initially concealed this infor-- w' O! E9 ?+ J- i
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this$ \/ v4 ]7 S, G. c
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
% {* g7 Y  J$ f" e  ^5 stestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-. W0 D! f" S8 o+ |
bly more common than the rare case report in the  ?! L9 r8 N% P3 ?/ v. T! v& w/ C9 q
literature.4
' _# o' D$ |0 b0 LPatient Report
% A9 m" n6 {) ?0 z$ E& tA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
6 U$ N) a4 ?! \endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern3 T- U( o! z# g, V- _. ]# K+ \( q
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
9 ], ~# e% [0 h7 Z$ X" C+ ]light colored pubic hair development when he was5 @' }3 I1 o3 V  r' p+ i$ P$ C
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of) Y* A9 O' W  l
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
" ^/ S7 }: m+ R! ~7 V/ t  dAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
7 d+ G& e* |' }: i0 c1 ~; B3 GProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of( J- M& ~- N' Q: a' |
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;1 H* ]" _4 C( ]% k% Q3 @: i$ \
e-mail: [email protected].
, D2 c% R+ E/ I  f$ Rabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became0 S$ ?8 F+ p/ ]$ n+ Q' R$ {2 i3 H  c
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
6 v/ Q# r2 f% |. Dment of his penis and frequent erections. The child. f. Q1 E" Y; L: Q
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 D0 w& [( Z; j4 C
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
6 f* q. Z6 x. Z6 M  z20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
! g, F" D0 e1 Y) w9 |of life and was still receiving breast milk along with( L( \6 v" s  p2 m! ^3 S0 u1 j
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
6 L2 m; e7 ?% C& @1 B* k; Xand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
$ v! n; f+ M1 Cwas age appropriate.
7 |1 E  u: d# t+ w: Z# uThe family history was remarkable for the father,
3 |9 B* e/ ]( u; l8 F$ U1 _who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,# C! D+ V2 ?* P* C/ s$ b$ {
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
! m+ b# j, T2 d2 W. T3 `height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat. a9 }% a* Q7 C1 n( U
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
& D2 b0 o) e4 `: W1 k# NThe father denied taking any other medication. The
! ?3 {- c" O/ P& z+ kchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
8 N9 }& C4 B5 Kwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet  Y: d2 F5 t  J; r
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
. t8 W5 I2 L( m* j, j+ jcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
) S7 v/ j0 }4 ]' {+ p/ \tives. There were no siblings.- ?$ r3 y: J7 j/ Q! @: S& d" G$ g/ \
Physical Examination
% ?9 D& d1 M/ Y7 k) UThe physical examination revealed a very active,
1 ]# e6 U& q$ j7 b* kplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
# O3 a2 z4 K( F) `8 H; ea blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was# \/ {$ O) I3 Z: Y. t7 g1 u
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
  ~2 e3 T/ l$ J; }$ }) b2 S(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth. ]1 F1 Q; m) m
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
9 \- g6 c0 ~- |0 ?! P7 D( g* b! Bthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
/ R+ \+ y" ^5 u; \  g" bThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
5 H/ B! [& O$ \& C& ~/ m. v" K% _$ Venlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of6 ^4 o- ^- I7 t1 b# t
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
: C% [7 ~1 ]$ m  {8 Sdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 O: l- t) G9 |+ g% {7 ^& J8 ~. y0 D
540
$ @0 h( m" u# @  N7 I% n0 @% S" w7 Iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( @) b1 G4 x: y: h) f/ i+ o. `3 @* B
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ p' K0 W+ H5 x  Z0 jtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
, n# }: H5 p2 Q" EThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% k1 X# c- ~2 t9 n
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
/ ]! y  ]4 a4 Dabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
% Z6 P( i. c  p  P1 _Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+7 |1 h0 y; c6 P6 ^! I5 i8 Q- t
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion$ x$ i8 O* ?0 K5 w8 I
of papilledema./ ?6 n" a3 J7 s# C, K1 Z% l
Laboratory Evaluation
# R) J5 i3 K% N/ GThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by6 B, {3 R1 o6 }8 A7 ?/ k3 Y) z/ ?
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
4 M+ r. T  |. |  f* ~5 C* Rlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
6 Y5 S/ _+ o! T9 h5 I* s3 ^karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
' V. |4 B6 I8 M% p) v4 t3 u( Bshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-. j% E: E  V% U: V) S- E
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).1 M+ V1 G% r7 {8 o9 D* u0 b
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood/ {/ }; y3 P# g* p3 O5 o
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
" v8 g: A  @2 @( u# dwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
; u  R2 D% {, Qof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
' v- \: S" [& [( u" l4 }  R' l/ e(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 209 r2 M; H# U' g" m
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
! L- L/ p, X0 p8 ]& l2 D* \terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),/ ~3 i: }+ ]" f- U3 K6 Q; G
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
1 w& ?1 r4 d9 W% C) P$ G/ K" D49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
5 m# s. z: H* R' d$ R. Vwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
# Y0 y+ G/ D8 Q2 n; {tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
0 E- |+ V! ?6 s1 j5 P0 |5 X6 rtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
8 _! c# u, [7 J; s" \3 m5 yand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than6 o3 M% \* m; T# T1 e1 {! T2 i
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
: [7 Y, o) |7 ?, h. I6 `stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone; k5 E* q- M3 f# ?
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL7 @6 V* p+ n# ?: B1 s. m7 h" T
(prepubertal).
( E$ r! K$ k1 d) v/ u' c/ ]9 f- BThe parents were notified about the laboratory
, `; E" }4 }" J2 C4 {0 C6 h0 [results and were informed that all of the tests were7 d, V/ a; \1 x# S" W! O: ]3 P
normal except the testosterone level was high. The! j( e0 Z# Z* w  L- q, O7 N2 X
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
4 V, I- s: N7 H- Oobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-; I  ~) s% ^! q9 ^( ^
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
3 S+ y: k4 r& Q* u" \Physical examination at this time revealed that the
6 X2 S& d+ {3 e. B, W( J: Ochild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
5 r" }& T6 Y2 ]# t! d- A9 `$ a2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained/ u2 c) y& U. n3 D: h
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-( b+ w& |  i: g& ]
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
, I5 z5 B/ {1 \6 W7 Nthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
& m' A+ c, s" q* ^1 A7 P4 U3 PmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
& g1 R) t: D% AThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
9 c3 L' f- h' d1 h' |( S3 @ing frequent erections.# z- G" H4 h0 G! e
Both parents were again questioned about use of
- z0 r0 u$ A0 ?, _: [6 D/ `any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
1 _/ O- ~7 Z+ z8 Othe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
, x3 `; S. \! T5 C  lTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541! x9 z. d! o6 a. M
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
( z( l1 C; |7 L& L4 W1 O' D0 r; ging over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
: X3 a3 K1 Z/ R) F, c4 b. P. b- Ra year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed3 e2 B- p, m; `( G/ \1 V+ Q
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
6 Y. S7 f/ U, L( Z- L: uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido' @. c* u2 Q  K; P% p& n" L
secondary to depression.) ]( }% X; W" `9 w8 K0 G! R/ Q  c
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
! W8 z0 V- j  Z% MThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
, m% R% V  H$ i4 Y  _chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-/ o0 @6 H2 r, J$ {2 l) R0 j9 L8 k8 l
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.( y- G# m, _. R6 }* _9 ^0 J
The father also admitted that after the phone call,8 p. Q$ G3 I0 ~
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
6 `2 Q* K# T' E& e3 fwas high, he then read the product information
* t9 H6 h: v2 Y1 B0 r! @/ Upacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
( d% G9 v; r1 w$ U4 I$ L) Eson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they7 ^' z# b6 j- L1 V
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the5 r) M7 h) j! I  c2 u. d
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
% S" u+ J3 d: K+ c- C% X' Zbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone* d( G- U2 M5 U+ F( h+ \9 k! K& R
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
; Q0 n! @! ~1 D' S1 }laboratory to obtain the test.$ x/ v9 R5 o% @# b
Discussion
1 b# g) p- I. m8 j/ z4 JPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary9 Y/ S( i# w' F9 ]( f
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,44 Z: h. S% G9 g0 x/ C" ]  ~/ S
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
( K& p1 A* J3 p. v' Y) V9 c0 o7 lit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
8 m6 b4 q; b; h7 u( d) ythalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
  A- @- K2 a9 \3 ~+ l7 P3 y* Vmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
% S  }+ d" \) L" ?, {3 Bmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 E* f: q3 ^0 s% o. aresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
1 w8 s, U! C2 j8 u, i. Damic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-% g0 J. g9 ^% L3 ?
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
+ g  [9 f4 c7 zboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
1 |, `7 J2 P$ a; T9 K; `  X4 tization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
; I6 b3 F& r7 I; J9 `. Drical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by% Z! s$ Q% U6 s5 ]& X5 j; G
gonadotropins.1,3# X. S$ v- Y/ j) Q' P1 N; x
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-( z3 R' k9 A# s- t) Z" B' f
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
, ^3 j4 Q  }# M' z% O2 m2 t% _+ L- yandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
; g. [, Q, N8 n  U& qexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
2 j6 W3 b, S: Y. R' {& ~3 D  Z% dulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
0 z  \, e) [7 c; K$ p: K( ^congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive; \* ~2 D/ f" X! w* x/ b
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
3 Q0 y4 e" E) l$ m7 m& b8 c& Cpuberty in boys.3,4; C; T3 `' X4 I1 N' Y4 s
The most common form of congenital adrenal
6 v. V4 p2 h: x+ Qhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.- n2 m( {. t/ l4 F! ]; P. o
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in3 i5 a! Q) [) g& F8 }
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,6 c/ j% R! }$ U
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen8 b7 L( \( S# E
excess.1,3" _7 P- j) t/ |0 R) u
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ d4 v7 \- i, y+ \6 `542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007: W* `8 R/ F, O/ U9 L2 k7 s2 C
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
1 a2 I( {6 k, W$ r! Bindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
" O' T2 ^% g/ ^4 C' o$ G1 `& was testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
+ J3 y) B6 z  r, b  N% N* ?/ lvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
: V2 W- B. B. m. N; r* g  d; Twith this disorder are full pubertal development,4 f8 Y: p4 d6 J! O% b4 F& r+ j
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys% \* v" U' S: [6 D& [
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
/ z1 u9 O9 l' ^# ~; fare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
- U! g' @9 {4 W' _% h% \* @pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
- z" J2 T) U2 Preleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked" T" u7 g9 c0 f7 I: }1 a
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
  d* I6 G+ b5 \+ Z9 e  Hmales; therefore, other male members of the family2 \& [' k2 ?; n/ A0 D( a1 C
may have similar precocious puberty.3
7 z3 z# A. T6 v) rIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
, `) O; G# B& C" T  K4 y/ a* ?$ Vsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-% p- k" S' f1 Q
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis) z! P: Y* ?( i% e! S1 q
was in the differential diagnosis because his father  m: \, i& D2 e% h( \: y
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
. v+ b9 H( U  l* ]testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
( o, n0 P! B  M% e4 _beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
" N/ F, h* i& m2 A3 T: K  ~2 f& ~ative initial history of androgen exposure, our" U  Z' f) `: s3 ^
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
0 V" r0 f& Y1 p6 P; c- }1 jeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase4 W! U# y/ P, A+ @  {. w9 v7 d
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-/ j: J8 d; D* j1 A$ C' O- B+ D
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
5 g- `# r2 ]( Z4 ?The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
) c4 E- @& |1 U3 V+ Z: Q5 Y7 }suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because( x/ |/ @) u, e* L. i5 ^
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-0 O3 _: ]1 k7 F' T" U8 O8 b' {
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
9 d8 J2 r2 S" n( \" B( ]" k( Adecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
8 t6 D2 j  Y4 k7 Vterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
$ v/ m2 A4 o# h8 ?3 h6 D: B" o# Zusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
6 V" s, X1 J* w6 E" E% r3 q: \Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or6 Z2 b5 [, |) l  \5 ~( g
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to& P0 S9 Q1 j& H5 b, \0 X! }
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.7 K2 ?# r2 x6 \- J* g6 s- x
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
$ u$ G0 [) @# `; R% g# obaseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 {; d# F( \) z: M+ {even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
' A% `" M+ F3 O  H  B8 _& r: }partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-" }) l5 y- u$ U2 R
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented./ Z' D6 U2 M8 S$ @6 C6 b
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,0 f: P! h3 p% |
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
+ r, w7 s6 j* o0 Q3 H6 ~" r$ G/ ?dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
# _/ @2 P* Q% K, ~, c- X7 @terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more# t; {4 h* @, `  @, G
active in young children exposed to testosterone! ]: z( V6 |- X3 n6 `
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
+ n% Z1 k; E& u: V: Edrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to: ?7 m7 o/ F0 x5 k
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
3 Z9 a% w( R& x8 gchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and, `: G) W7 }& g) `! s& W) a! ~
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.% ^) t$ H9 R$ ?4 P1 Z
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
, P. p2 a$ z% X8 B# u7 u) ~- j( Rearly childhood on pubertal development and final
' I- b: K! e9 z7 \! [0 S) j; Uadult height are not fully known and always remain
6 h9 L; L- `: p+ B4 E4 G, n7 P8 a+ ha concern. Children treated with short-term testos-% W- V1 Z% v: V% n5 ]
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some2 t  [: u3 d: ~! L8 ?
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after+ O5 G1 V" E5 a* P+ |" z2 E
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation/ A  k; r  D9 G1 t8 o( M4 Y# B: x
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
1 N, g2 I; u1 L. k8 d+ T1 oThere are conflicting reports and controversy
( k; D; H, P$ X  U' Kover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult6 n9 v8 X2 m; S8 E8 I6 r
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal! {5 E; n2 P" I2 g9 J
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-' h/ Y, m& b  }% s. d
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,, G% ^; \( u0 l' W, z- e
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
7 U& ?% ~+ j/ Y1 h$ z6 tchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult' ~7 J( ]9 D* J; T2 C# C# b+ G
penile length in clinical studies.
6 x( C  C0 s. O, r7 \Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
* U0 K$ F) ~! p" `) X2 \going to experience any of the untoward effects from
3 ^  G( }  ?& e0 {4 A9 e1 A( {testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because5 n0 H9 ?% f4 g" P( [& T  x( K
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.5 J: `' V, |+ ^
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of* H: E) }+ P2 S: t7 o) f) r
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
) T- j# v  ]/ {' p0 p" x1 Vthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult( \4 U/ G: ]) Y% K: `: V' R: o+ G
height will not be affected.
2 J, y$ m9 ?5 V# N2 _% hAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-0 g8 y! r7 K: @: \1 J3 M( D5 l
ability of androgen products in our society may2 M6 r" J( x$ U" r
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
' c  r- o; C2 i/ Echildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
- v  h  P# p& r5 N5 J" a3 ^gen products must be considered and specific ques-5 k2 J3 D( D2 N6 @  _* |4 Q
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
) |; P6 u$ h- Z3 Q, }gel should be asked of the family members during
2 f5 j4 _$ i: W* x7 b8 e& Q$ `the evaluation of any children who present with vir-8 i4 _+ _, y9 g3 M; [$ s
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-0 z+ F3 P6 E- }3 \
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
" b# |- K' e5 a- oappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
. h* p, A. ]- ?. v  [$ nhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may* C5 X# s0 i4 x
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive8 A+ G6 n% }: M8 N& U" H
investigation. The primary care physician should be
2 _9 O4 d0 z. }! Daware of this fact, because most of these children$ ^9 x% o7 U# Y- Y9 q
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
7 {6 N3 i. @3 \+ u3 x# B5 m  iDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
3 v# {, U4 r" @) o, s6 ]- M3 Iwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
' j8 ]" X+ E" l% sfemale child who might come in contact with some-3 i. V0 w( U& a
one using any of these products.% o2 T, |1 t  k( u: J1 [
References* K9 m* h# [, M- r1 |
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation5 k% v" ]2 E( L8 C/ ]: n1 f1 C9 J
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric1 X: d6 O3 m- K# {; P3 ~
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;- @. R; o$ h" Z, x% x6 C0 V; \
2002: 565-628.8 d9 K+ Y7 H( Q' X/ n. S
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious6 {" a* P: x5 ~9 C2 F
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
9 B+ g- @9 z/ m; y2 ~Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
1 v  ~0 H. y# B$ V" e  GExposure to Testosterone
) E) W6 R: x' H1 [; FSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
4 X3 I( L% d- z! ?" b' \* |- hand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
3 E8 T  |$ K. Y; A& n# CClinical Pediatrics* S  I2 b/ N% }( R0 D
Volume 46 Number 68 d6 l0 Z/ @; P6 `
July 2007 540-5434 V: |# [# ?* u, T0 _, g  V
© 2007 Sage Publications
9 K3 J- G8 S; ]; \$ v10.1177/0009922806296651  d6 m. F& H/ ^0 L* h' {
http://clp.sagepub.com
. \! G7 j/ X. |) q5 Z6 T  hhosted at0 c6 O/ P9 g+ f# Z
http://online.sagepub.com
6 K5 \* q; E4 x" JPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,2 |' L! i9 f& d1 h/ ^. @  {
is a significant concern for physicians. Central, z& j. b- j; c4 }2 s
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated7 m* a3 m6 @0 |( o. P% J, W
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
" s' Z7 f6 J" x* u& t- P- Fa higher incidence of organic central nervous system! S7 R: D1 B* W! N) q  w
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
% {% _1 Z( {+ y' A5 Xby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic, u1 g4 U% R) q: R% L
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
4 G' ^* N6 c9 Ncles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We/ M, L3 l$ q1 p- J' d$ Z6 a
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the3 a. a9 A) \; `. m! i: {; d
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
% C7 }  v; Z2 D) P5 r8 oment without testicular enlargement, which was due
+ M+ O. U% J" Mto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by5 W  i; N! M/ M; `0 h
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-6 [$ c2 W2 t+ o% s8 `
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this& O* T8 ]( f1 T" Q
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
* P- f/ R1 V) k+ i4 u: s, Ytestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
, Y. b+ e/ B2 l7 m* \bly more common than the rare case report in the
. O3 J" ^3 V( N: Gliterature.4
1 `$ R; h$ W$ aPatient Report
7 r4 d: o' `5 _# Q+ m8 e3 tA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
/ j. @, w# i. F; G& y2 lendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
, K6 J  n* }, Nof early sexual development. His mother noticed
) P, H" A5 \3 l* Z" O2 @light colored pubic hair development when he was) D# f( E. [5 K; Y+ k! Z
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of) s- ?- \# h, w3 P
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
4 _! a) Y0 b& CAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,/ w$ a0 ~6 y$ I
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of  z3 z$ G: y; U( h& G) c
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;, a+ ~& ~5 U9 y) f+ y
e-mail: [email protected].* ?5 f1 V" \8 R2 M2 }" z& Q( X" M
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
: Q) O. A8 a" y! `darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
% W6 Q5 B* B- P) @2 Lment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
  j6 S* Z5 a* D% V5 L$ d; c2 Cwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
) g, a$ q9 g1 i. Y8 ?! s5 ra birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of( S# w, T4 r7 @( u( H" u
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year' B: V2 ?  C% Z, x4 \; _- z
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with6 ?1 v# N3 V' O- g0 m/ S/ r
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
( y! {# C5 H$ Q* O0 J; d3 wand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
" S; q& t+ S# P" D  w/ ?was age appropriate.
5 j: X/ Y7 w: B- _The family history was remarkable for the father,2 w+ `  Z/ H: G  G5 q
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
  g: T- r! W+ N* |# A8 owhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
2 I. O: q- e5 U& [. G& _height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat9 |8 p8 c3 _" L  X5 g
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.& l! o8 R4 E* O% T
The father denied taking any other medication. The
8 o  {# z+ U4 ]2 O2 s( X. u$ @$ G8 tchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
$ U9 [. G/ e1 m( F! V% l, ^  {was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
3 g3 \$ o, H; D& G: L5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-" \( F* z, _. d( N' ~1 |' ~
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
) c" c6 {$ O( E9 E1 R! ^5 ntives. There were no siblings.
0 k3 R1 L2 b' C9 Q2 }  ]( E+ jPhysical Examination4 R$ F2 W. Z4 t3 Q! q0 _
The physical examination revealed a very active,! K5 L0 B# K) x6 J& l
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
* Q$ @+ Y8 h+ w" t6 F1 C1 [  Ea blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
7 r, M5 z+ H+ f) G90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
6 I/ v, ~! V; M& J" |8 P(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth0 k% A& V9 H% X6 y8 m8 J0 m
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
) d7 A" {- p" X' Pthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
% c1 i5 A$ I# c+ HThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for: t+ g! G# I& y9 }& t( Y2 \
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
% _/ o7 L' T; j9 |8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well0 J/ L' {( @1 v
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around  F  U: c) J  t4 D
5401 ?; v9 H3 {& A* {) b
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. L( C$ p% O& |/ G
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
7 R( E  a, a1 ^% m% Ltesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
1 R7 C. {4 d" n8 ?2 C% nThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
4 u( i+ w' Y  L5 z, ^2 f* o; qoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no+ Z- |& a, w0 T' n9 ?
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
( r2 Z+ _6 i4 k  k( ^Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
5 z+ P) j# \% c- R" F6 f& ^7 r. gbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
1 ~# T# E& Z% F# Q8 ?4 A# Cof papilledema.6 o2 N) @( S  U3 R9 n; X- x/ X
Laboratory Evaluation
) ?5 F) O, N5 V- t* m8 j+ I0 r" WThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
' {3 h. g/ O1 [) Tusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
! ?6 w3 \! J( _! @7 ^logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal+ H0 P* I- K- g1 n+ F, s
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test  D. L$ f1 B; R6 f( l* K% z* _
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-( y% V1 }9 V. Q' v& T9 w
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).6 }1 c! C2 x5 L. n
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood) @* M! }6 o0 V7 Z/ n* q3 G: x
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were4 M4 ?5 L) y+ B! s' Y* \5 X
within normal range for his age. The concentration+ Z* e# a- k3 E+ R  D" x1 U4 Z
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
7 }4 f& ?, }2 t2 |(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
: |. T- A% o5 g# Q6 U9 L. \ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
/ `6 O! J3 x. G3 \# h. P, ]terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),$ D# Z2 Y8 f9 i" I/ K/ P/ C
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to& ^4 p4 F7 V$ I( U7 i3 v
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
& ~  d3 H$ o  x# s* `5 s3 ywas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-) K: D3 j9 H& j0 D2 N2 J
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
& j) [" w! t* Qtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),7 M1 o) W8 V) T4 q% g- g& S6 I9 D& ~
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than* C2 q4 S! B4 O# I# {& x
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
9 n8 ^9 @# _  M& }3 G& Jstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
1 J) k; g4 l, W4 K" A" D/ hconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL4 r) [/ m( I: ^9 g1 n' k& P
(prepubertal).
6 j2 _, ]6 `' [2 T' }- n6 IThe parents were notified about the laboratory
; x: l9 a: L* {results and were informed that all of the tests were
0 l4 S* A4 V! Y; V# N& q# z7 f5 Inormal except the testosterone level was high. The# @! s1 m' G/ @! o4 s; J* N* S2 p
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
6 e' w4 ?! K* [/ E+ {2 C- Qobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
7 K. s# s1 q. g# i+ b9 ?ever, the family did not return for 4 months.: W* p$ I" b/ \2 @, B
Physical examination at this time revealed that the7 ~; H# \* F# D6 b, K* G8 |
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained# P' T1 ^4 E5 r
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
4 U% c3 P" M3 X* Iunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
6 O. y) i/ i6 a6 G- U* kpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
/ u  B& ~9 \* m) \the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2, [/ k$ s" T; @3 L
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.7 w" k! K: F# k9 V1 \$ E  F9 L- o
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-, B, |9 x9 t' [. J! z7 q* D
ing frequent erections.* }% E) k1 u7 Y5 s
Both parents were again questioned about use of) _9 D* M7 j6 |' e- A
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
$ u. \3 [" j. n& V/ o6 ]% ?% Fthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
, B; g5 H( c1 `Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541+ r( h1 n/ w8 Y* X
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
/ }" M/ k; z( f2 N% Z9 fing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
. ~0 L6 y* o$ p( ~+ E. ya year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed( \# J, k) V' x2 r  j. @' V7 \3 j
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-; w/ c# p3 T2 K; }; U; A' M
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
' i7 m+ x6 l) Q* t5 |secondary to depression.
9 s; p4 q" N7 c" l% t5 S% iThe child slept in the same bed with parents.  ~* d. g. \( l9 m+ v2 [7 j, g
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
$ ~( a- z- A$ W2 p+ G0 G3 schest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-. ?  j" @& M" g( q2 K
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
( h$ J  H! M' @* P0 X$ v' aThe father also admitted that after the phone call,6 G, |% n' V% k
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
! A! |& y; j. W; x- {5 q. \was high, he then read the product information' r8 T" ^* u8 _7 |
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-7 f1 w  [9 ]$ h1 N- \# J" N: Z( Z
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
+ E, K$ J( a1 c% ?" B1 ?- ndecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the6 Q6 N6 @/ V, f* k. c6 @
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
) T3 c0 D; q! r1 }  }been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone( A2 E# @5 a9 ~5 l. F7 H9 @
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the3 I/ i9 w, g6 x/ u  p
laboratory to obtain the test.; n) l$ H. ]( B3 Y/ }9 G( _& L
Discussion/ u: B4 s" w* N
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary% E% ~; z" E0 I  f0 ]+ {. u: R
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,48 x. y0 T) U9 G/ M
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
* h! W+ r; }; m) Iit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
1 E6 {; t; ^" [thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-6 i( Q! A" a2 B/ H
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
$ B. |3 r% c' S8 C; Lmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
) Z/ O5 \& u, b) g4 x% l& xresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-3 j6 B& h! {4 r( d
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
/ R/ Y' N2 M! Z2 P; G8 Rsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in" B% C9 G+ t# f' I3 d. ]
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-6 }+ q* B) x/ ]% k0 B
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
+ c* X2 y" w; y) j0 _rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
8 b9 m+ E9 ~# Z8 [gonadotropins.1,3+ n+ S$ W( |: o: j
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-7 }. Z/ O& m* e8 U# O
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate. J) A- e( t4 d* ^* N
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
. ~1 I. i' _0 f% |+ K! cexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-" a& m2 f* R, ?* M
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
% v% K% ~8 H2 Y7 `* @congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive' \; W/ ?8 S+ v7 }. U; E! ~# [
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious  {! A' a# r! z  l: h: o4 a
puberty in boys.3,4" ^+ D* b8 D7 U
The most common form of congenital adrenal* @) m! ^( {2 L
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.4 D& n" a$ @, Q1 W5 G# E7 w
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in3 }9 G1 |1 l- N; ]
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,. g3 Q  o. t' f2 p
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
' H& \, Y+ G- eexcess.1,3
8 L4 P' N) L! [5 @' ]; Mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
, [/ c! \2 k# r9 e542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20073 P0 K5 Z, a2 q5 \, c
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
. b/ S9 g' A# F* J. @6 ^( @independent precocious puberty, which is also known
3 L4 ~3 Z6 b* c5 Pas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
- J0 I& z1 W: A8 |! pvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
6 `/ [4 y5 k: f" y/ kwith this disorder are full pubertal development,7 P7 |0 R" |; S  n" Z
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
+ Y# B' `9 ]. Owith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
# `2 d9 B; a$ i; K" S" \are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show) Q5 u4 H# g$ T7 H3 m2 i; L! y( K
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
. ?, Q, G- @8 k1 M- C# ]releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
( ~! w# b: a( ]/ y! k  \$ Nautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
  i, ?% j. p/ R% cmales; therefore, other male members of the family
0 ?8 u5 X6 p4 f! n4 P& bmay have similar precocious puberty.3, F6 a, j: X7 @6 D0 p
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
! ~7 {% ]6 h. H3 _sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
( r5 h- q/ |. P" U5 ucles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
% q" j. ?. i, Z( dwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 J5 ?! U$ V) L% `: Y. d, w) kstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,# B* j( ]1 b" T8 B3 O$ c# `
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the$ k" f; b9 S; w4 R3 U* @9 S) |
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
# n& A- g( H0 d; j+ aative initial history of androgen exposure, our
: j# J( c: t" z. I' R6 `5 S+ mbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,! B0 ?9 Q9 e6 n
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase  y) I: f0 b; J! _* P6 h% j
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-/ O% v* ]$ Z# A. s% a) ^0 C& c1 N
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
) m( n( I4 p/ w5 r6 KThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly" ~+ x7 p, M+ O0 u
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because2 |2 u) o: l7 a2 a
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
; }# c& L( A- k# D: A- b, lpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and  J7 z9 `* s5 Q2 Q
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
* l3 J" A; W9 Jterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
: f$ J& a+ B5 w! V% c4 d2 ^  {using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’6 E" H/ W+ u" D4 t/ n- ~5 c! \  j/ N
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or5 L) s0 ~" ]" Y  t4 T0 @% R
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to% s3 w+ u; L- X
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.. t- ^0 K: _" n& t/ a
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
3 O8 v: S' k+ M) x; Q2 \baseline value in those females who were exposed to
" ~. d6 U: ^# A& ?9 u+ }even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male& `) g' E7 V: g/ }
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-& q/ u: i( V0 b' s
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented., m( H: l$ ~. m7 S0 P
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
) w9 o; `% H# J3 M+ I- P( c1 Pwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
. F- p7 c1 x7 O6 e  _9 F, q2 hdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-$ F  L8 o7 Y5 V; w* f
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more, ^2 E+ L- G/ t4 D6 ]  R" V
active in young children exposed to testosterone8 \! b: I# L( t3 K, c) Z% Q  ?
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-5 {' e  v* O" k# w0 F+ h3 u9 Q
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to0 ~* k) W* Q8 t" I# s: e
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in% r- y3 e: b9 B% }0 i6 g+ O
children results in an increase in growth velocity and. O* }- n) U& o5 l# f
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.8 L  Q. R* \: Z+ E8 `
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
7 ?0 y# s! L9 k$ z( aearly childhood on pubertal development and final
8 [$ @; S' k3 t6 ?: L; P5 i9 O& qadult height are not fully known and always remain4 @0 N' w& [) v& M& K( V/ v- Z9 q* G
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
; |8 B7 Z$ r* A0 Xterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
( w1 a0 @7 ^, G+ s1 q- A. _. V3 Cacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after8 b' k8 {9 \. `8 l* k8 N
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation9 d9 H' ^- i) |( O
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
6 D4 L( _1 G# i# T+ M. JThere are conflicting reports and controversy
9 L; Y9 F: P( C% d- d) wover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult+ g) E' w7 I2 v) j+ ]4 ?" d
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
6 k% y2 f+ C: D6 Q  ?adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-, N3 x# A8 k2 ^7 _
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,: j" p1 n2 \: r, y- h, ~* Z
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
+ X  I0 E$ b1 d5 K0 H/ f" Mchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult3 X# Z2 N& {* L! S0 d' O% ^; {# T' u
penile length in clinical studies.
( M: D) v9 `$ I  Z# e- l. k) qNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is% k3 D" Y# N! \8 @2 r/ p6 i
going to experience any of the untoward effects from5 `! ]  z; V2 S# S; H, v
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
5 N) N7 _6 w) z$ vthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.! r; h( V/ k' ?$ ~$ k
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of! V) {/ y2 b; n# G$ S
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
5 I; B; \% Z" k3 athe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
1 j, A3 y* r' V: a, X! R/ Sheight will not be affected.
, A. a3 V+ p( h- [3 WAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-2 L5 B+ C6 g& L! x2 q! z( r
ability of androgen products in our society may" U% D" t9 s; F+ }6 y4 \
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
+ l2 Z& ?* O' b0 ]6 m: C# E; N9 V, Rchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-4 T% ^3 O( U7 u# Z( Z: d1 `' p
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
: v1 G9 U" T- _/ s" Xtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
) ^2 X9 G# x* p0 G! y! K1 Cgel should be asked of the family members during# u/ P4 |2 x2 b, _
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-1 [2 j! |' p( I, K  V
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
0 _; W4 [* O/ ?- v8 |nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
5 N5 h- W- X1 y- }- ^# eappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
, Z; d1 y: C# F2 {! f# \4 Dhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may; ~+ e. G: e7 I% b3 m- D: K
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
$ U: B$ z: a7 e+ d% u- }investigation. The primary care physician should be
! }: _  N  l* W1 Laware of this fact, because most of these children1 A5 P& Y  \% m2 I
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
. I5 g$ I) W# I( e9 ~2 PDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
6 E& x2 [# A$ Swarning about the virilizing effect on a male or1 S& z* t8 t4 {- F
female child who might come in contact with some-
+ `; ?+ }: w$ H) K: aone using any of these products.6 @6 G6 s( @8 p' z# P3 [
References- P- `( @) Z7 ^# t  y
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation) ~# T) G9 u* l8 {. A
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
" g" F' N: |# ]9 WEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
0 l9 I1 m3 C1 v. ?* |2002: 565-628./ k- V$ P5 _) R& l0 t
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious2 ?' l) T# n, w. ^7 s, `, N/ P
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
/ M/ Q& F5 R- H. ~# G) X
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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