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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old3 M% R+ i" _4 R& @: V- D
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
7 y3 B8 J1 x/ P0 bExposure to Testosterone; ?0 w0 b' m* H! ~
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,20 ^: y9 l  F! d' E! ], x
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
0 F7 P- J( I, N+ E+ ZClinical Pediatrics1 ^' w% i* @5 o5 }+ u% g
Volume 46 Number 6
7 G" W; B, e6 {* J5 vJuly 2007 540-543
6 p2 B0 ]. M; O6 w, ]- c© 2007 Sage Publications
( c, Z2 v4 f8 U8 a0 I10.1177/0009922806296651
! h1 q% _+ x* M  X! d+ u* ]http://clp.sagepub.com2 D8 F4 i# b, b* l! r! T
hosted at
8 P- f2 N6 e1 \, p, o3 Phttp://online.sagepub.com( {; @2 d/ Q/ s
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,. E& Y6 u; `) T- I$ g# A
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
+ U% r) N7 r* d, |precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
* w" r/ y2 ~7 Q! Xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has# {6 S) }. Z' S  A
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
( Y  s& _. i6 V9 }5 d1 r- P. wlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested; X3 J! _" e0 v' n
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic9 O( a# M: y& S  A* e; w0 p
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
6 o7 N% i! d, N$ W/ z: V, Scles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We" z; c& }' A2 L8 b0 J
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
+ N( B% L% s5 k! M0 uenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-6 }  K5 b5 e: k* p% f! u5 W4 R1 B( ]9 x
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
# G6 B# W: P' M3 s" F3 Fto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by+ X3 u  U& W! B0 l% `& t
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
- `6 J5 O0 g+ b  `mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
- l" u9 P' }  K" o! ]child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
' j8 {/ _" F. stestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-& r  [' {  s  l, h; O8 m# B# i
bly more common than the rare case report in the0 J& o! `# [4 k7 J
literature.47 B. d+ T% B( O4 j' I0 v+ H
Patient Report6 o9 S6 c* J! K, y! ~/ r# X3 q
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the$ c* {& Y7 k! G
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern( v' w$ J0 @$ c: W
of early sexual development. His mother noticed' o' U) a! i; l# j) o0 m& i. Z
light colored pubic hair development when he was
" r! Q. J: n: d1 g, O5 CFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of% f2 L2 l- X% @: w/ G5 U) n
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
9 P5 a* [. O& q) Y* E7 ~5 QAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE," ^' X2 A/ Q3 Y1 E# w2 ]9 J0 G9 i
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of7 v1 U# {0 [5 i
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;& E5 `5 m5 @$ M
e-mail: [email protected].' T/ m1 u! a5 f6 H8 n, F5 [& U
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became- }2 R, _( A5 k9 z; u& X
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
+ E% L" H6 L" g4 t" e: U" @ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
- m% X+ k) C9 m4 Kwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with: s; i9 x& w. d- ^: z" h+ V  _
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of# {8 X. Q  v) N) |! V$ I* ^0 C
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year3 ^* @5 v) ^; B2 ?$ p; y
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with' Q* ~6 W( ?6 x
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,0 H" o  s9 O) B  C6 e
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development  u" W! x4 }8 E: P; \. [9 z
was age appropriate.
3 }, S1 ?* J2 S; fThe family history was remarkable for the father,) u$ Y  k" N, Z3 n- i& {; j
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,9 i6 v7 r1 U! B9 B
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s; Z+ f7 D" I0 T; }% v( U% H
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
: T# ?( G& d/ C  C# d; searly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
' S) A( y2 n( RThe father denied taking any other medication. The
5 s6 F1 K$ ^* {' t6 K' c4 F2 E0 [child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
+ y4 n, U" I; S, m( i$ u& j/ lwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet; I& x: E& `+ Q4 I+ C
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-) T5 i$ ^; ^, M) y% S- S
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-+ N& [2 N; k: u# U4 D
tives. There were no siblings.
  t+ C' `3 `! [: j! q( x$ Z/ D( N, f: FPhysical Examination1 f; x; d# t8 o, h
The physical examination revealed a very active,( K) h! G8 W+ w8 n/ m8 e) t& q
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
! R4 a3 J6 ^& Da blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was) m3 b: {- N# ^3 y) f
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg" p/ f* F/ i. Z' `$ T1 ~) I) Y
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
+ }5 i/ w& k1 @" n  ^  u" mvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
5 }; B1 E/ ]  `' G, Q; zthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
' V. k" I0 q/ i: sThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
  ~4 O. Y' x5 e& Senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
+ A0 F' U' b% I# M; B$ J, r$ u8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well8 k) u% C$ m' l3 ]
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around9 W3 c; X$ [. P3 G; e6 v. B
540
  F- n% ~3 ?" {$ rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from5 y. S5 D+ i5 W6 M. {+ o" M8 w1 `1 I6 P
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
# ^3 Y9 q; I* j! etesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
5 e: ~3 x* B' a* ?0 WThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat; Y5 w% j# }: N+ |& h* l
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
" _# k1 Q. l' i8 |9 {1 p- Tabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.- `* Z5 m1 W" `& J
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
5 M( P5 L* [9 K" t. I& W9 l- o7 T  Ebilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
8 }$ @0 H9 E& G5 c8 ^; [: x* u% ^of papilledema.5 X+ J  z1 B$ B
Laboratory Evaluation
& ?8 a; c/ o  i4 l& X- cThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
1 |5 r* Z7 E- _7 c6 X, ausing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-/ y6 i2 H* d6 U2 A
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ ~  B3 M* e" F5 G: K# S# F' gkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test% M, A+ G% Y# h( i& Z
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-+ e2 C1 f( ?3 I1 U$ H) ?+ ]
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).2 E5 _2 b" ]) |2 X* q# r8 ?( B
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
( c6 Z) E- h" k- D! hurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were8 e# X: S) U/ w6 v& X3 S
within normal range for his age. The concentration# e. R* n! r) Z/ U
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
6 n) X/ w6 V( |8 }) |! z  N& A(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
( k$ _+ a; r  J9 V% ~. f  E! V8 V1 J1 ~ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
7 l- p% \: T# V& R# r- }terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
; _& C2 f. T! e- @* ~% Q, e( n7 Zdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to0 V  S* e2 V5 \4 V6 h0 w: y
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
0 A' @6 Y! g  S7 Q# Q0 _was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-' ^$ k& s. p% t' r! U( h2 a% N
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
' i7 T( M# Z: w4 C/ o! Ftestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
7 ~0 U: y( x5 O" Y% S( \and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than7 S( v1 y  |; l5 m
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular$ Q' n9 E( w! u: Q2 B1 C! g3 N/ U$ B
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone7 `, p: w7 F6 ]3 J$ x
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
$ Y' z0 b3 u' ]  Y  d3 ~(prepubertal).
% U8 H1 p# h' i, b9 s8 U, `The parents were notified about the laboratory
# G% F8 a: R; T& ^! A1 bresults and were informed that all of the tests were& O. s$ p* @# Z6 J3 I' X
normal except the testosterone level was high. The# r) k; J# V5 i: `; t- f+ {
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
! D% o2 c  l/ E# u6 cobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-, R& o* f2 k" k2 m' L2 E* p1 j
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.# k% x6 J% T9 b2 p. s- K$ L
Physical examination at this time revealed that the) I6 G# {1 R. D' P5 X
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained6 j5 `" `4 ~  z$ A+ \. m
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
( Y" c# g$ k  t( l' k  Q* Bunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-. g, y' o9 r: A+ g4 l0 `1 L
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at: u3 a  P# P! t5 ~
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
6 K: ~" A- [) \! Q0 ]% rmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.8 `" p. r) [: p) U
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-& Z  G# k* @7 Q) t% H1 H% \8 K
ing frequent erections.$ ?5 }! h% X" M: @
Both parents were again questioned about use of. o% e. X, ?( w9 ?8 H6 x
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
: {/ c5 M/ Y/ f5 S5 l+ O+ r2 [the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
% G+ t; M6 \" V% a! lTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5417 p" Z$ `  i2 J
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
3 @) {0 J) a  S  y- sing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
# P. L6 l$ o, r: O* c$ P9 oa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
8 k: P) t8 h/ ~: w* s" O  eto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
- v: e% |3 T+ V; Q) l# Oscribed by his family physician for decreased libido9 X" y2 m5 J* B; @# w( ]8 C
secondary to depression.
+ @# P# M, a; R* T! HThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
' @$ \7 y) g$ Z$ `6 C3 \The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
; @5 s& `# S; U1 N) d( S( schest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-* n' F* d+ I; x) Z7 G
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
6 A1 F9 n$ L# W8 fThe father also admitted that after the phone call,1 m8 E* ?1 I% ]* M
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
# j4 A+ V! c' Cwas high, he then read the product information4 y4 ?: }, p4 X  @1 {0 H
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-; [! R$ v" ~; Y$ b0 s  w
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they% C9 v8 L" y! o3 c* Z
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the4 e+ B0 P4 s( @, r
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had  \3 _1 D$ i# O. z* W
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone; M7 |+ n8 I5 L, |
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the: U$ d: Z* J8 k4 n" S& a# q% `1 ]
laboratory to obtain the test.3 A, L2 [1 l7 U& v( Z' Z
Discussion
% D3 y% c. G1 J2 c. DPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary8 h: e2 A+ d2 _3 V! ~+ Z& P3 d. ^
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4& T8 Q. s6 |0 p
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when9 G( L8 ~% H4 j1 \% J5 C& g1 O
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-7 E; f. {0 p, \; p6 l
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-3 ?  I0 `& K' U* j6 z2 u; _
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP% z& g) y3 p, F0 G3 K6 f! [
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
7 F; M. }9 L; `* Y- K6 Zresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-; U6 M& C( s  n1 i$ J* q
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-  T: q9 I* E* f# U( g
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in5 C2 E: G; I" A$ N
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
9 [7 e" D9 n4 Uization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-. N: w+ X3 E, B4 U  P  @4 W3 _) ]
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by: O' s! B& `4 X0 r+ y8 |
gonadotropins.1,3
5 l% i7 R9 J9 ~. t1 q) C! ?) r+ nGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
: _% z& e" T; R6 ocious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate1 l- ?3 M# q0 p1 E
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or% d7 g8 t- i$ A! V! [8 n( i
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-% ~0 S3 I! V4 K! q
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing, h& s* x7 V" Z; i9 x  i
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
, `0 D7 u9 w- e: O# f" d: t$ Uadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
0 x0 J/ H3 W; s! r3 opuberty in boys.3,4
% a# Z2 ]5 N/ z6 LThe most common form of congenital adrenal8 L) u0 V  a# p" W* m8 l
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
7 v2 R6 Q3 C+ WThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
6 @; X, T: E. I/ S/ sexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
7 ]. w& q' e  V! O8 @! l5 j& B5 c/ Pan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen3 @( j1 y8 k" m9 \
excess.1,3
/ e) U# {$ W5 R8 W8 rat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from$ m. h0 Q8 p; x: d
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
( p- y5 @) ?: X6 P7 @8 k2 S& {A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) g1 A3 }& r. R$ E
independent precocious puberty, which is also known) i0 a: \0 W2 f) f! s
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
+ s# z6 r8 G8 q) ?4 Pvery young age. The physical findings in these boys4 g! \  G' z% b& t. ^
with this disorder are full pubertal development,2 Q- Q+ y8 n$ J. M% M5 O8 J
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
4 Y; R" l6 K  w8 b# T; Awith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
  \0 G9 l1 D/ _are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show4 b' X! _! A5 ]  t" B# ~! A, G
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-! t0 E  z: f) J
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked# B1 _4 O7 d% P  C' W6 r0 R
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
3 m' N" k% M4 ]males; therefore, other male members of the family! t8 f' D& P. G" p0 P8 k
may have similar precocious puberty.3
+ N  ^- E  O; y$ t8 `. RIn our patient, physical examination was incon-' }. A6 O0 R+ ~+ H+ U
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
4 g: p# A5 Q/ Z! Tcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis$ H1 H9 t5 L* f* X- h
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
! g+ l/ r' W" rstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
7 t( k- A, n) R6 z7 L  e* [* ltesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
" e/ q' m3 B& D9 a8 m! Zbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-  l; z7 {% C# N! _
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
2 m$ G9 R. a8 a0 h8 P2 Ybiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,3 T6 P& `+ ^- s4 q
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase* |5 U$ b: R2 U% U* Z# j
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-! \5 {$ ]+ h' ]* K  E
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
# W0 U" X2 Q! J/ Q5 qThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly1 @+ u, o# p. h9 ~# N) h
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
) a% p% z8 g% o% [7 u0 Z$ `8 Qthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-/ m: G* G5 `+ R) @* m( J
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and) s, `; ~+ B0 _2 ~6 ^
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
7 {8 Y- l/ Y0 F: j0 C8 u$ b# [3 O( jterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was" U5 g7 b% w' D$ t- f
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
1 ]1 s3 n9 b: Z% DDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
# f9 R5 m/ h- A5 k6 [  Ccream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to- V/ P7 A" ?  @7 }/ s* x/ t* T
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.0 \5 _  E7 v6 r$ Z
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
( J3 e+ B" t5 \8 f; T0 Fbaseline value in those females who were exposed to8 \9 b/ K+ u, S, i6 w( C/ p
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male" g; o' J$ |$ D, w6 |7 @2 {; S& O  W
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
; c6 U+ u1 n# C& Jtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.! |8 G9 i+ D& x6 }( A3 P
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,$ R5 j* s1 N& c8 b# S' U4 B+ p) s* \
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that4 e+ N/ m" v# g
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-+ F7 t- f; b. I( Z/ d4 ?4 e) |
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
/ ^4 g; G! N+ Ractive in young children exposed to testosterone8 a5 q* o  `6 Q- H% _
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
" l/ r/ o( f. [& Vdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
3 j2 ~0 d3 V/ J# T+ r* e) t+ m/ C$ Ivirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in0 o9 h( b, e/ I! Q$ |
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
) `7 S/ y( U+ N4 w) z0 b- \7 Xadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.6 ~- _8 s- {  g/ \$ O
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
" d6 e* \/ j2 oearly childhood on pubertal development and final
+ V* E3 u1 g6 H9 u" _- k7 oadult height are not fully known and always remain
0 F0 t* R0 o  R  T9 q& ~# Ga concern. Children treated with short-term testos-, j2 d8 {- E; u
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
7 X& h' i3 U( S  yacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
4 ?0 t' I: n: ]* H; m3 w& b5 acessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
2 n$ S$ Q6 \1 q2 i9 _, M, Y" t% Qdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
9 f* V& ^, E3 r' \& MThere are conflicting reports and controversy' ^4 ~! p4 r0 `3 x$ O. `. ]
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
9 F$ ^6 K2 X( g- x* ~penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal$ F: z/ q) u: L1 b
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
2 L' _; N8 N9 d) T2 b/ ~ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
5 _& T6 l* A# c0 i* p' Z' G/ hSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
6 {% T! R! p6 Y9 E( |! \childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult, s6 ~0 {/ v$ p( r& @' v
penile length in clinical studies.
6 J/ U5 S: k$ N) mNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is- i6 @8 K+ T  z, |" Q  E, u3 v7 f
going to experience any of the untoward effects from; X- `. `8 O, h& r( Q$ Q3 w
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because0 D% \5 |- E6 r$ f
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
) ]1 T; G, Q. @Although the bone age was advanced at the time of* w! t0 m8 S8 j! h
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at7 y1 F/ m% }: ]1 r
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
, n" U' S: x* G- e: ?3 e9 Mheight will not be affected.
! q6 j! x, E/ D4 v' A7 {' eAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
/ g6 F0 z/ Y+ p$ A' M* I6 @ability of androgen products in our society may
$ A. x5 l7 j; `indeed cause more virilization in male or female! R* E6 |7 A8 Q; i# W  M
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-9 w$ O. N1 U* D) `3 T; c' V% \/ }, n7 G
gen products must be considered and specific ques-- E9 I9 x/ \  Y" j7 r( E0 r
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or9 O, k, |) q5 A, C
gel should be asked of the family members during
* b) J$ d- @0 v; O+ kthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-
1 K* o$ _1 N! M# ?, H/ milization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
7 X8 L) t# T# g3 M& m. lnosis can be established by just a few tests and by
% K+ R5 M- f: R$ l6 zappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
9 w+ @' B( p" p( U/ R/ r7 ]history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
! c1 K9 Y5 S9 b% V; bresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive9 x' l. I2 J) Q
investigation. The primary care physician should be. X6 i2 c3 r0 M/ S/ L: m
aware of this fact, because most of these children
- O- _5 x3 W2 zmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’$ h& S' Z. W' C) w9 p2 F
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
; a5 ?6 ^# P& |) |4 m2 P4 I) bwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or) o6 b1 G& i  z# Q6 D* u2 o
female child who might come in contact with some-
- f$ w8 P: g: X" k! y2 ^! T" Fone using any of these products.; r. P0 i: T, I4 u, q+ t  F
References
$ }1 @2 T' z) [- i1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
6 }1 f+ `0 v% _  d  Rand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric! W4 h4 r1 [/ s$ p. \
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;: |, W9 ~3 J1 d. T" s+ _
2002: 565-628.
7 v: F2 q1 o6 p6 O) Y% r2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious3 J8 A" w% @7 l; U* Y+ M; Z
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old: G8 c" x- |9 O4 ?
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
$ d! Y; C/ L* s% G, Q- M1 o, B- RExposure to Testosterone
2 x% b, g% z2 v; A; c2 NSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2  q  s: e4 |! B' n8 [& m6 f
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1" x3 C, O, y/ v4 F" _1 ]
Clinical Pediatrics
. P8 |% E% K! M* a: x. X1 g$ aVolume 46 Number 6$ r  F8 }1 e3 r, Y0 e
July 2007 540-543
4 Z1 g. n  M" O& c2 \% h© 2007 Sage Publications
4 }& N* Y; d4 l4 T$ @10.1177/00099228062966510 v1 L0 H# u4 e2 s- N" j  p+ \
http://clp.sagepub.com0 L* p: }" l/ C. [
hosted at" P- Q. E( A& {( E$ E( O- |( s
http://online.sagepub.com
7 C& R8 x0 C$ h: f2 N7 XPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,5 Y& }$ n, L5 T$ ]* V4 ?- L
is a significant concern for physicians. Central  h% u8 R/ ~- @$ A; M. @
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
; o, V& ^% a" ~2 vthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
% Y8 r, P, V* L5 oa higher incidence of organic central nervous system6 l( G8 K* G: @9 ?- f
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested. }1 w, r) f! G; f5 O( h* O
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic2 |; d, C9 Y3 K' s9 W: I
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-& }8 O8 K# ~. Z; V2 c0 G
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We5 ?3 z& A0 U* j3 m- T  Z
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the& B  W& y1 i. `- R! e: u
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-7 ^+ Q" B; H3 G! ]: t' ?+ Z
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due. u  D2 F( W( e$ m2 a
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by8 e- S: C$ I3 ?3 g! |! ~, ^
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
5 o  n" `, P* ]% f% L! t- I% }1 jmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this2 Z/ w4 f5 `0 X- `/ a8 m, J
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
; |0 T) k, W' O& }' ~, wtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-* n# N, X- ^7 ?/ p9 Y
bly more common than the rare case report in the  ~$ F% k, r7 j! G* {
literature.44 D8 G( a1 C) f! D
Patient Report
5 Y$ X3 k) e4 ?$ S& M6 {  pA 16-month-old white child was referred to the1 K5 j5 z) E, |3 y+ x
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
/ O+ N! G. h( E6 L! A3 gof early sexual development. His mother noticed
" M! o: L0 h3 X& s7 Tlight colored pubic hair development when he was
' f( N6 }# |8 \7 hFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
* R3 g0 J# `  J& c6 X7 M/ H( cSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
# o1 t. J7 X( J$ b% TAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,5 n& L" S3 E5 C0 E
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
- S0 C' e, W) Y2 g, r" V' xMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
+ D+ [2 k( M: {4 j& s+ _/ z$ Ge-mail: [email protected].
4 }, {$ ^9 D+ r% _: N% t0 habout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
+ u. J4 I/ W* Y# _  Idarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
5 t2 s" f. T6 g# ement of his penis and frequent erections. The child
& e" o* P7 e. }6 ?was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
! m6 C) v4 w6 Q$ M1 Z- s' ga birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
' I! ~6 g; k) {2 }20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year4 I! [0 B- a; p4 a! n' B  d% f, K
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with( L+ o1 R& D" x  B& v% l0 n
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,% K4 F) @, {+ K8 Z; |
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development9 R$ D8 o& A# a5 n
was age appropriate./ h2 X' j$ A; w
The family history was remarkable for the father,
& g/ q1 q( v* [: B1 s9 v+ W4 Zwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
  u1 i" y* G# @6 zwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
. v. z' U+ E" E  @" {8 b9 Xheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat$ _) u, Z# N, N
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
! o. \8 q! a$ `0 LThe father denied taking any other medication. The7 B% M, d8 H+ h
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
6 y+ M! q( y) w( B2 ?7 m% rwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
- I& b, K; ~& c+ X! E9 j1 L5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-1 i4 p+ f8 }9 |
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-" U+ }  ]- B% n5 B" W! @3 M& T
tives. There were no siblings.
. D& Q! M. [) [# Q% @& |  PPhysical Examination1 ]& `1 F8 J! {2 Z9 u# O, _
The physical examination revealed a very active,- I' D( h4 v& ]/ q3 \7 D
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
& ^7 o" M2 U' W* }; E1 G- P. ~; Ha blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
, L4 W2 s0 I4 V9 w2 C90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg$ D$ E* w( K* c# {0 _6 d6 J
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth9 Z% E/ |) s) M. N' `! D. B
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
* X, ?" ^$ H2 ^the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement./ V5 i! N# ~) S, U; H' y0 V
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
/ ^) \& K: O1 l7 S0 V7 ?, G! ]enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of1 x( y1 O! _4 T! |& J" w% }
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well  Y' s+ E  _( l5 i' B+ G; N
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
$ c$ C6 ~- B9 _1 a, c; H540
7 Y' |/ ^2 Q2 s6 d! Yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from0 P4 T% i6 E- }8 m# n
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ j0 A. G) x# _1 V2 p& {testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
' H( Q- {: r7 y4 t, vThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
( ?- k# m( w" I+ g5 roily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no: _  g& }5 l6 f2 _+ ^( |
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
3 i# ~" f' ^  p- X" O3 T8 [' ?2 v6 z! G2 t* aNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+% B/ \) S: ]4 E: A" M7 q, X
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
+ o( D0 ?! t: hof papilledema.
% @7 j- |2 C+ D( @& b% iLaboratory Evaluation
0 S+ ~* m9 s) @' K/ ^9 zThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by! s  @% }$ k7 T5 H
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-! E; S. z& n4 Z1 W
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal# u5 \4 l+ x, e2 X( N  m; X
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
/ ^1 T+ _+ j' i' ^8 ]showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-: o; P( {% O! [/ ~# c) O( ^0 q
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).. @4 J5 y( Q2 t$ C! W
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood$ k# v+ n) W" n3 s( e  w
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were7 R) y0 z8 ]8 D7 b, g
within normal range for his age. The concentration8 P1 N# B: J" \- \$ o9 I
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL" ]( X+ I5 Z9 U: B( r/ r+ [
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20& }% W& ~( ?* S8 |
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
% ^2 S! L8 k% S" N+ R! k! Iterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),- D7 k# u3 B# `
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
, N# v( M1 m; I. A7 ]49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)% C1 W5 m' ~8 N( j" q& Z
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-9 p2 _  m) i- S2 k& ]
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
* ]5 w0 u* Q) F- r* w6 i8 t/ _testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
0 C+ H/ V/ p! J+ d+ H! \and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
2 r/ x' W: \" `% X5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
$ L/ {4 q: `4 _5 p4 D$ w5 t3 [stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
8 C9 v7 H" B2 X+ u+ Rconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL" k4 S. A3 ^, l" s; ]/ ?1 Z7 r, L
(prepubertal).
" x% ~" q! `" ]9 lThe parents were notified about the laboratory
& p" \5 D5 U) N+ J/ xresults and were informed that all of the tests were
$ j+ j6 o6 z2 b9 A2 vnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
: Z% j# \! q' w# K9 kfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to) x  a% Z0 \3 J* k- O# c  d
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-" O" h( t9 ^, H% f! M" }
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.5 K) U: x2 r2 m
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
3 G4 I& l2 I% r  Z/ p% H( d& wchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
/ V0 t+ U* t( }3 c: @0 b9 B2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
1 U" z( ]- Z- h1 |unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
' v3 [: u& r' e# M% S) Y1 `pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
: f, P  v; N# X: k  P9 t: _$ dthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
" \% y$ |% B$ G( h  f$ k0 i# }' imL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.3 ]: Y; d' p; H. x. H* c% \- W
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-5 r+ E8 p/ X8 _. O6 [0 z
ing frequent erections.' T' G7 ]3 c# ~
Both parents were again questioned about use of; f8 m  a1 V7 o/ ?5 i! t+ [' W
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to$ s0 b8 U$ O6 p" t- u  L3 _
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the) m: Q7 Y) |+ d! x
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
' G2 u( D, @. Q1 Ruse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-% S6 `( L% [$ l  h2 R# Y7 G
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for4 `2 C; E4 f- e
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
+ a) K6 O8 n5 W, ]& A0 sto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
+ B' ~! U1 Y# e. \+ ^" D5 X* Uscribed by his family physician for decreased libido# e' O' X, Z/ t% k6 }& F
secondary to depression.
6 I" c% x& Z9 ]6 d8 ~The child slept in the same bed with parents.
: X! C5 w2 o4 w: pThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
# W% _* ^: b9 Rchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-- r8 `, r' U8 R- S- ?4 r- T+ \" O9 d
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
: {, _' J- `4 |0 H4 j$ PThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
% m8 g7 G7 g+ q. B- q7 E0 g" @when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
4 h8 Y  m+ t8 Q# d* @# Hwas high, he then read the product information1 B8 ~; p/ F8 r$ f% K4 R  V' |
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
: T* ^* S+ Z1 S0 o- j( Ason for the child’s virilization. At that time, they5 L0 o  Y0 V6 c) g8 D: I( ?% R
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
  w5 B1 Y) K! w' I! V: Rfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had
* U7 Y- b: C, J$ i2 N- R, `been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
6 ?4 J. o  p3 f$ s% ~. R1 Itest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
; Q/ m* z& w. [; h( K  j2 }laboratory to obtain the test.
1 B, l$ c6 Z" ~% R8 ?4 `! pDiscussion. o. w, X3 e# \& u: A6 J  t
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
3 J! ?; k8 C6 Dsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
" S0 Z' t6 U9 i9 T; I6 IPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when# _! B* z1 O; x! [5 j8 b
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-; J" _$ A+ r. B3 v+ k  m
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-3 }' G+ B  |6 T: I) `: m+ d
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
: {: ?- }0 [0 E% `( hmay have a central nervous system lesion that is, H% K& C- F8 }2 R" k
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
- q5 R  f/ i0 C( Z8 _% Uamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
* g7 I' S' @; Q4 `& fsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
( m- d! u/ P% W9 V8 S- _# q: yboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-! t3 ?+ ^$ P8 H- A
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
$ C* @" @- @5 z5 E) hrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by9 h1 A9 q6 L! h6 |; z
gonadotropins.1,3
7 B' R# ?, i- x. w2 sGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
6 [* [5 `5 o  ~) s$ [, C/ @cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
! _  k' i- Y0 eandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or5 P& O8 v1 A+ V6 {/ r. [
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-; N6 g( E- K3 o& {. t$ ^7 J# C
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing+ c( p9 l$ A* B5 o* _7 r
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
8 `0 j: B5 y, a2 P  g; d$ M) [, |adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious4 M4 I) K# M, L2 H8 e+ Q
puberty in boys.3,4
* F4 v- Y. \& [/ A5 {6 d* QThe most common form of congenital adrenal
% D% E# R9 y2 @  rhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
: m, u4 v6 ^  D% B; BThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
6 J1 g4 m+ V; q0 U9 Lexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,& \# r: u. _, u* A; K
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen& X) c6 ]8 G1 D0 e& R
excess.1,3
3 m0 |: x# h8 Q; W; z! nat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
. `  t. \- B3 r542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
+ k8 m- h* O5 b3 G7 Q* I0 oA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
* f+ I5 C! o( T# F/ Uindependent precocious puberty, which is also known
' u. T0 T" y9 L; Sas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a! V' ^% b4 C6 O* I4 R9 ~
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
5 H% E) I: E" z/ ~/ a( Twith this disorder are full pubertal development,
, c0 E( K2 v. v4 j2 qincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
. {7 B- z( U0 p. Qwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
) p' v* `( `, A/ ware suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show! {! p1 L9 C5 ?7 g3 \
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
  q: A* F! H+ k* t/ m  [4 s5 c- [) I' Yreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
. T1 V1 O" F" W! h6 r! Dautosomal dominant disorder that affects only0 ?8 S* \- p9 U# w3 `
males; therefore, other male members of the family
5 k, b+ D: d1 p! E! `6 i% M/ p! Vmay have similar precocious puberty.3) ]- F# k6 m* E$ G6 l( J" {
In our patient, physical examination was incon-6 n# o4 x: R3 Q8 @4 `9 ~3 H' U' G
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
& h/ T3 @/ y: y- Icles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis0 l- R3 N2 y' o8 m/ p+ q+ U  a) t
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
! I2 w) w1 _' w# }started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,% N& b( ]! L! j- r& ?
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
1 Y# n% K+ N- m6 U3 tbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
( z3 F; x/ B! {4 d+ s1 oative initial history of androgen exposure, our
% f/ D  E9 \" E6 w! v: @biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,, y' f8 W6 o$ i1 y0 i3 O
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
* e9 V# y5 H' ddeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-. j* f3 |$ g, e: n% V4 s
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
; K* d1 M% p5 w2 b' E6 cThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
  c) p& o. c# ~suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because" ~+ R5 q3 M2 }- f
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
8 g  }0 w; c6 a3 {) spearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
- ?0 C$ |- q7 e: Wdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
5 r- i; `- r0 e% ]terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
2 b1 g: p+ N1 {8 N  _8 kusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
+ D/ V6 y3 o1 S+ QDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or7 g; G$ a( N* c! }9 e
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to" d# B! z) Q# y6 G2 u
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.* G0 X' ?$ E2 x
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
5 f1 Y* W4 `3 w8 Sbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
5 L& U2 [0 r& c3 i3 keven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male6 `4 N, o) v0 o* \* _# l9 f
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
' K4 u/ s9 v' W& E/ gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.8 Y) v. }& a. W8 s& d& i0 r5 u
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,# p3 u* d% P2 L0 S  F
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that% o5 w% ]( F8 }
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
5 O: V  j2 X4 A' \terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more: p( L# D8 u, k! x: y2 X  x$ w
active in young children exposed to testosterone
% V# q  N" ^) q. Q$ l( M- ^2 @9 Gexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
8 `: `" P  M& Z7 M1 Idrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to0 R3 ^  w7 }3 I* J
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
. x1 S! h$ E  a) w( M! c+ F8 bchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and+ V- E: j) k( k  Q% U4 O
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
1 A9 o3 H; m: k, @( fThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during, c% a* B$ A$ @1 Z5 o
early childhood on pubertal development and final
8 O& w+ c9 G% n+ Aadult height are not fully known and always remain# I' C) n! ^+ F( s( s& w
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
' \4 x2 f; e7 |) V) h* uterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some0 u- {2 ?1 {: [- I6 `. L
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after! V0 o5 g8 p2 C* B  l5 f. m/ K
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation! g9 g: {# S1 a. Z$ q2 o* o
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9; i: E! x4 i4 u6 ~
There are conflicting reports and controversy* R# {6 a4 O6 f% x
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
% m- W; _6 e! Spenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal( D+ ~6 c: ]8 o8 i- A, L
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-; A1 r' [# M% U3 @- ^
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,; ?% D' {3 N% B, F" O! Y# X
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
0 d* z5 c3 `. [7 k- h+ Vchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult3 z3 |) O( q- H
penile length in clinical studies.
% C! B9 ?2 G' x+ ]) H# i$ v( ~; ANonetheless, we do not believe our patient is- L0 p+ C; f: _, U- _: n4 y
going to experience any of the untoward effects from$ O, Q! v# H/ N" N+ w% I5 H
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
, b& u  d1 O0 g  x$ Dthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
1 k9 p: S* @2 _Although the bone age was advanced at the time of$ y6 U5 r* G# d& K3 W1 i8 }
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: l! X, ~# R' @9 z2 z  a
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult0 I) k  b: [& c$ F
height will not be affected.
; s! C" K. m4 q# m  MAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
+ }2 ^$ J( r/ H8 n3 \7 w+ L- C( tability of androgen products in our society may9 \* h# e, x( r6 k3 ^
indeed cause more virilization in male or female1 W+ w5 [7 Y% K! V2 [6 x
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-+ a! I+ k9 X# r, H. @" ]0 j
gen products must be considered and specific ques-* X$ x% u4 ?7 g/ @
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
5 K' [, r" a, e+ x- A. z% ^gel should be asked of the family members during
. a, {* y  e5 p, T) s5 X. `- u/ V  ?1 Pthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-( Q+ ^$ P$ k- U3 O. ]* y! N
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-% x1 W' s$ f0 c* q- S* X. l- q! J
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
5 H* N3 g5 W1 A. O7 A. {appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
) U, L4 w' b8 R0 D0 @0 A" Vhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
. A7 }- o. i2 y% Z- E1 O+ Oresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
7 {" J1 `4 {, \8 o4 d2 \* _5 Vinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
6 c' m* L* }3 s' _& ^  \aware of this fact, because most of these children, G: s8 v  q" I$ q! \* B
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’. S+ z' z6 i/ q+ h/ v. S2 a
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a; Q3 [7 b& Z8 Y
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
  J7 ?  }0 e4 q* S8 Gfemale child who might come in contact with some-
$ u0 s0 v* w; |. m% Xone using any of these products.0 {! N: I3 {6 J( M0 J
References
0 V, z2 E9 j6 N+ e1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation9 \; V8 F% D" Y" O% U
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric/ f1 E; z) l7 m( S# u
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
, l; d1 }1 j6 Q; m; `3 ^! v6 v2002: 565-628.
6 J7 s5 {3 L8 p2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious& Z* r+ O  o0 }+ d6 R- N6 V5 p# n8 g
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

. x) O" J6 C) r9 n3 p+ X& |; v精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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