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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old0 \$ V" H- U# r% @  F  {
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical: o  m8 J( w) A$ y, d0 }) s
Exposure to Testosterone& d8 @- V4 O. V9 [" U
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2& Z+ U: R! i7 E% l; q/ |
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
+ [# v, [; J% w1 l" E8 }Clinical Pediatrics9 z; T# I; N' s3 u+ R+ ^' z- t
Volume 46 Number 6
7 v: o1 f1 T$ bJuly 2007 540-543
6 d; M/ Q/ F) r7 G8 g0 }$ h0 |© 2007 Sage Publications
9 V$ k" s: t9 ~; n5 L10.1177/0009922806296651
5 |4 c/ |# ^: s4 b; R( k4 [' J/ Ehttp://clp.sagepub.com
0 j9 N5 j) j& q. T8 {hosted at
0 P) g5 k3 ^2 D9 V" M5 Qhttp://online.sagepub.com" @$ w& \) s! P. I0 u; l
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
3 G. G3 ^5 B) ?, Q0 iis a significant concern for physicians. Central- f3 o% ?9 d- g5 Z' F. r0 {
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
9 M4 |  `! ]4 m) G1 e: s. ]through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has, A2 q% Y, {& w  U
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system# z* z) T+ R0 O5 a5 \; N8 k
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested  r# {, U8 V7 Z5 k; U
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic" ?+ F7 r+ q- T: R: q0 H
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-+ V+ A, H$ d2 m- T
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We" B; h6 `1 k# o+ \& W" T3 ~+ G
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the- A2 ^4 g' }5 D9 E) l% J0 |
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
& H: h0 H4 L0 y6 C, }ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
0 t1 _, L/ ~3 {) ^4 c4 \to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
1 B6 m0 Y& J5 J. Y) ythe father. The family initially concealed this infor-2 R3 _8 T; T9 e
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
( X+ r0 ~5 f  s; e5 o# [7 {child. Given the widespread and easy availability of; X! a3 M4 k( j# J+ w$ o
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-! C8 z/ P3 I+ e& P. a1 O+ X
bly more common than the rare case report in the! K. g+ t5 I7 E! G
literature.4
7 e5 O# z4 m+ Q, v  y1 z. m8 jPatient Report* r+ [/ G+ J' u; J2 V) ]3 }
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the) v5 H- E, a/ u% C' a; B7 x
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
" C( J9 z2 S. h9 f+ O% r$ V# w( y0 Fof early sexual development. His mother noticed
3 D7 ]3 R. L4 a% v) P4 C8 Zlight colored pubic hair development when he was
7 e( Z' G, I1 j9 p+ y. yFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
* M4 g5 f5 @  j& x9 U4 L0 mSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.+ f" v4 r+ S# D
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
, A3 ^" A" k; {- y' y2 ~' W3 i. o! FProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
5 t+ j' ?/ S: a/ n% T& |Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;9 A8 q3 B' U  g* a
e-mail: [email protected].
/ R( T; d1 Y3 r7 {about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became0 R' S% X% u; x
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-8 y' O6 @; j; }4 j$ b# g; n
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child) T* ~% D2 S& M, b. ~/ J
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with% S. S/ K' C' }. x9 |) d/ X
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of: a0 \" }; Q  l! {7 X* ]2 Y4 ?
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year; l& W# P& [% k/ B0 d! D8 [& {
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with2 Z5 N' g8 ?% _
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
3 e4 H- r9 o1 l) b) w, H9 Aand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
; t  L" @; @5 w5 @1 awas age appropriate.( G& B; S) S6 H/ d9 `1 ~+ n- m9 z% q. }
The family history was remarkable for the father,- Z& z/ a' z4 |# C$ [$ T
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
& ~0 c. J. |9 Zwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
6 Q- G& G/ P* r* Y+ xheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat& N  e+ Q& L: r
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
/ _( q7 t3 {. ?The father denied taking any other medication. The( R$ D; p- _  q, v2 `, l+ S# a
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
: I. g5 l! A7 T6 @was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet+ {2 B) p% k: A4 L% M8 s
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
: D, f& _. C3 q& N+ X# tcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
* w( D% }% X+ Y" p( h6 Y& T$ F9 Rtives. There were no siblings.# n0 g; X& W7 v/ d; ^9 Q
Physical Examination
' o) r% ^- ~: d" x" {% jThe physical examination revealed a very active,
" O* L( h9 ^1 r2 K1 }* U. zplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented: f; [/ W, d" y! ^. Y/ o( a
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was) f" h4 |1 J! ?6 g- J6 r- N
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
3 r# z7 v% M- _* r" Q(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth1 E; s% J* u' I9 K
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
" A# |( n0 h, X) B7 p" A1 D0 Kthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.7 B/ G" d% I+ }+ F7 A; o
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
: S; B" t) a* t1 D( K- ?, `0 eenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of2 O, R- h. w& Y: X0 c$ E6 z
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well  s2 H6 l( B# [' T5 l
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
3 s# q+ v" L5 ~& C* U% T! w5403 n2 B2 R$ ]7 W$ ]' G
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from( u' r7 d7 T, j  ?5 a2 V
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
: m: D7 ?' O! j5 h( w" \testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 K3 j# a5 U, w: l
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
- m% R: l) _1 K2 b/ |oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
$ S# f1 q- m7 U7 rabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.9 E: ~4 S! Y: I+ J
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
9 F  ]+ w: b; K: x' gbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion9 ^1 C# I$ p7 K1 A2 q8 R! ^+ }
of papilledema.
) P7 i. z0 b& v0 A0 B5 F' H& D" zLaboratory Evaluation
0 l9 W( L! c  c7 x) bThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
5 `- D' T, L' iusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-5 w. z( n! |* |! V3 s0 j- p+ Y
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 W8 r7 V9 X. V' Z# [% G
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test* h( Y; F% r+ [: _# k, A0 t
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
& H5 y( @: u; S3 Slating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
* a6 S/ Z8 Z; cThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood$ A; E6 [- y+ f% J2 y5 A
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
  ~' i% Z' }4 T, ~- E8 {6 _within normal range for his age. The concentration
" z' d2 w. C3 w0 |; Lof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL4 o" x* b6 L1 g
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
8 k6 F3 K& {4 a1 fng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
$ {9 [( U; C. @! M9 g; wterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),$ S4 Y8 J9 }/ X9 g( ?$ I0 H
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
9 s8 Q1 }+ k' o8 A: D49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
$ \( v0 N) C- Z/ O$ ]+ ?5 Hwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-( w. J0 \3 H1 p8 f
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
" G' ~4 v7 T: y, R4 Ktestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
: P0 b  R  i/ r  k/ Nand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
/ |% I6 k4 C: I! `2 E5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
. M; G' d+ m: z- u0 t5 Wstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone9 ~- a5 \% `8 @8 h: w( p
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
% {( {# O4 }- c/ A(prepubertal).9 M+ |$ X: L6 \* I. N7 m' ^- t* R
The parents were notified about the laboratory; f5 Z% R% ]! a& ~
results and were informed that all of the tests were2 L! y* l+ u6 r0 r3 u
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
8 y+ M9 c* g; b6 Ifollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to: }. b' q& j4 D% \
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-8 l+ M2 g# c1 }; J# G% a
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
: {" a) u: A: P4 z( k( K) R; s" N" [$ OPhysical examination at this time revealed that the) ?: Z, ~6 M' R. V1 i
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained! {% {# o+ d# L5 r, j9 Q
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
9 z4 s( F: P1 \2 c. A- i+ Sunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-8 S, |& ~; @- o) e  ]6 E1 X1 }2 ^
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at2 v9 S$ P& O, u8 A
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2) d% b1 [" D6 K1 f, E6 G: A3 A
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
2 c3 S2 r- Q! I( f  pThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-- x0 v. P9 w) p: c; v( S9 X
ing frequent erections.
) q/ ~0 }* o( E- W8 X7 j% d0 o1 fBoth parents were again questioned about use of+ e2 a) ~8 w0 }9 M( z4 c
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
' ]  ]( M* l  K# }( \/ Vthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
) o/ B; c. i8 p/ H" w* hTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
5 ^  r2 Z$ i; n# ~) ouse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-3 K, y; M9 L) s' m
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for6 `! E! ?. m. I
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed! S" U. J, ^' u' ^+ M# R
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-& M- N/ k$ N1 s- t- A  u
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido8 f" p* Z8 X+ B
secondary to depression.
! u# ^; ]: s. a/ XThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
) T, p2 n1 A& z8 |/ o% fThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his2 h% X" `# V+ _" G( E& y7 Y
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-5 B1 _' E& i: s4 c/ ]* ]. T+ h
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.  m$ d6 J" X0 ^8 e4 _- E% E/ n
The father also admitted that after the phone call,; [$ W" N( W( j2 E8 j
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
* Q$ z$ }4 I. Ewas high, he then read the product information. d# a- c- V  [. S. }4 j, U- A
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-7 f& R0 j6 r) b( t7 |  S6 X1 o
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they4 h- w0 Y7 \1 h# W1 N% W& s/ H
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the$ X* U% b' d) a: p$ B
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
; m2 f2 l' S8 {1 ibeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
4 x9 k- N  Q4 @- a$ l6 n9 btest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
2 R! g! R+ h5 N% X6 G+ Alaboratory to obtain the test./ n7 q0 B) ]* f& ]' x
Discussion0 r' T$ V4 X5 I8 k2 Y8 J" @5 n. i
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
  i- x( C' `" d7 B8 T% lsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4. ~/ V3 Y) }" L+ H6 M) N
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when5 R( r1 C# K0 Q3 f: l
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
5 z" n  u' D, b# o2 d- n" Rthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-' _1 f1 }5 y7 R3 ~7 K
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
2 B& z8 e1 I* r( Dmay have a central nervous system lesion that is8 e, ?, b: _* D7 O& E& u! a
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-+ I& N3 z: V. Z* U
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
+ H# A( H6 D* A! T9 Hsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
, G; n+ U$ A) G& [+ _! ?& R' m: W! bboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-) G4 D" D/ O" m9 Q  Q( z- `/ v7 _
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
/ s1 c: z3 ?9 e; W; }& ^; O0 Brical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
3 s' @7 T7 n9 C9 m2 n% P: [gonadotropins.1,3
. W" x) o: }0 DGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
7 d& S* o. e; U0 t: h3 s$ Ucious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
. s. o+ G/ i: Uandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or, _0 `3 g* [( W9 \
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-) D: ~3 Y' [& t% s% p+ r
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
2 ]+ A6 I7 \1 R. _% Kcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
4 T' n; r- r# F/ Radrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
; A- c2 x; X2 b8 k+ g+ n' xpuberty in boys.3,4
+ e7 H# k- f) A' D0 M% x" HThe most common form of congenital adrenal
: T  U: u: s$ \4 n, n) \6 ~hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
- u; P/ Y( b+ j' [! u; X1 w' E( ~; m+ Q/ MThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in9 e+ E! y: x9 ^0 N2 `% `, z
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
- ^3 M: a& B5 Y9 T. aan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
5 {0 s' V  B9 @. T- x' Z; Z4 H7 Mexcess.1,37 i/ ]5 p3 O" Q* `/ m$ X  F2 e
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
2 g3 s' y- H1 q2 F7 N( Y% |# L542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
" w1 @) G' @1 H' h# \A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-7 K# y1 |5 a5 l/ D4 _' }
independent precocious puberty, which is also known! a" |1 C! `8 o+ f7 D" @
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
9 L* Y( n* p9 z9 `very young age. The physical findings in these boys
+ Z3 z/ n4 a% c. o0 kwith this disorder are full pubertal development,3 X  x, S( ?) M* Q5 T
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys: @$ F" }- W$ @6 f" g
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder8 C8 c- n, ~$ o2 d) F
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show# l3 v$ C; N& ], o. C3 z) w& Y8 P& c
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
0 g+ P( @8 P7 ?& g! F  D8 b) m6 creleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
+ e8 w: [6 D: x, q- w6 g1 L# Yautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
4 J: d2 X; n9 ~# R. E4 }% Tmales; therefore, other male members of the family
$ ?9 y: z, I9 w4 C' R) s* M+ Omay have similar precocious puberty.3
# t/ D/ s, S6 J0 C3 n8 @! gIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
0 I) k8 l3 P" }3 |. i; @0 |sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-6 v/ a( D( p8 r
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
7 v/ I$ q9 _8 l. m1 w' \was in the differential diagnosis because his father- {! b: k3 p9 V9 C
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
% Y, b. B# \& Xtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the  [+ L% b' R1 b% o; b: l
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
  j; U2 M3 ~$ u% I. |ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
" d- T' p0 x# ebiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,& A( k3 i. N. @
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
  W; i/ [/ H) ]& ]0 pdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-9 o. d# y& C. r) ~3 a
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
& S4 b4 B- q: v0 |6 b: TThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
  R. \3 N( _" {  Z9 ]( ?0 Dsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because& G2 [- Z. Z7 F7 P" `/ Y1 m/ }7 O
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
' h+ z7 M7 D5 j9 B1 _; Wpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and9 z. o9 T( X8 t. e
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
9 @9 c5 c0 L% q/ q) G0 U' n/ wterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
- y: [9 p! q  h& Fusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’" d8 m: q  S! Z6 D& }" F# y
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or, a/ m) T0 d+ y, e+ O. J8 l
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
/ l# ~5 N: a, S  D/ V# m7 j* R! Yunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
' w1 P- a$ L6 y6 s8 JSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
( N' G- b! w$ Y) }baseline value in those females who were exposed to1 P+ p& e! W4 R. X' O. [  I+ L
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male8 n* A; L2 V; y9 }3 y
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-! M0 J6 w. u1 ^
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
7 T9 n. Y# u1 j* b* O: MOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,; {+ M0 X* J* u: x
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that. v3 |/ _' c/ d- p& _3 [0 h* V8 K5 X8 u
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-* a9 S5 J8 B$ Z1 r3 c) N6 C
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more* S+ f9 b4 v8 b- M, Z1 i9 q
active in young children exposed to testosterone
- f7 v1 s( r: z+ n8 p; }9 l1 vexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
6 o! U# o6 v. H0 xdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to# B# p* E, G$ {6 }7 r
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in( {9 s$ t: I8 p9 ~
children results in an increase in growth velocity and1 g1 @( J7 U9 m/ x. d/ e
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.% a/ w  `/ T6 ^+ N( b# `* n- A4 W$ N
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
  m. ]- O- d9 p9 g: l# p7 O+ |! Oearly childhood on pubertal development and final- m$ M( c; H. \2 ^( ?
adult height are not fully known and always remain6 L, w  h" W8 d, W
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
3 P* P; g; r/ @- \8 U) Qterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
* g" v9 \# ]  v2 G. ~! Gacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
8 t& G8 z6 n/ t/ D; R% ]+ K+ I% jcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
, ?/ j: A2 x: Udecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,92 @( E. I2 ?; V+ ~
There are conflicting reports and controversy. Z3 Y" \% T2 e7 v; V
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
- p) D3 K* G1 y" N1 @( i! y2 ^penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal/ |8 ^  L- q1 e. n3 O
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-2 A% ?5 c/ s: K1 b. d6 X0 K% H
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
3 W9 X6 v2 D0 ]& k$ i/ H& l  ASutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
6 P8 X$ \  d$ `& [childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult! o8 u! @) O2 L: z6 ?
penile length in clinical studies.$ O: W7 H9 u8 `
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is: F2 z- n  j* s7 G  T) P& H
going to experience any of the untoward effects from7 A1 U! L" a  l2 k/ F4 I
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because' k( i- \+ o5 T: Q5 x, ?/ x; C9 q; Y
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
: g8 a3 f$ A5 _: T' Q4 K' cAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
9 `: L( ~& X( `5 M, v" Q& udiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at1 r+ d* P% [4 b, _# f4 x$ K
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
# h* R5 p2 v+ I: z0 H& Yheight will not be affected.
8 Q0 B7 \5 t* h7 N5 q* C5 zAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
$ o9 [7 k: C0 x* ~( xability of androgen products in our society may
& o7 K, ~: R  B# }/ nindeed cause more virilization in male or female
2 ~" Z4 Q- G7 o  a" ]! rchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
. A: G1 a- ], R  E0 t5 wgen products must be considered and specific ques-$ |& g% K1 t! l9 V" A- z
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
  C6 R# E) n  z% @/ jgel should be asked of the family members during  Y$ R$ p: W5 Z3 C/ m1 p
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-  ?# P8 p( ?' K) _. D- ~; W: E! Y, L
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
2 E! f3 @; ?; t7 Y5 J" [" wnosis can be established by just a few tests and by: t5 n" {% d, S! g1 v; Z- U
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
, s4 f, |. s, whistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may0 e' U8 p" s* n  N% a, k
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
2 m- y* r6 p0 i3 sinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
; ], W; `8 R: `# ]% M5 maware of this fact, because most of these children
; Y6 K3 z1 _- ?5 D* m1 Q' Gmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’5 T2 W) F  E& N& X
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
. x! f6 S/ n6 F, F# vwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or" _; F5 q4 c/ `4 Y2 l" y, {
female child who might come in contact with some-
9 X5 ^- b' m1 t3 u: kone using any of these products.7 g- u1 s/ U4 }8 n1 c  j
References
3 M6 K- u3 h- Y4 v) {' u1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
( X0 n) H5 F+ }, x5 Rand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
( H/ r& ?% }  z) @% e" p; JEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;* j6 r1 Y; I) h7 Z3 r3 W8 T
2002: 565-628.% W4 T. Q) `+ O
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
: P7 N6 P3 D2 P, Xpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
! Y- }5 B/ D  N) O: nBoy Induced by Indirect Topical6 \0 Q2 ~* ~6 R, f- y
Exposure to Testosterone. B, ]  v9 x7 B2 H
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2$ I/ j) Q; D5 I5 i; [! q9 K: y; x
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1+ h, s  t+ ]* E5 e& w5 b
Clinical Pediatrics! v" i0 I! ^- d" Y
Volume 46 Number 6
# w! E) N1 y) L4 PJuly 2007 540-543# d* _) g4 C! Q5 q+ _8 k8 D1 m
© 2007 Sage Publications- q0 z7 u- ?( F% n+ y
10.1177/0009922806296651
, I! \: Z" {8 Y, S9 Zhttp://clp.sagepub.com
/ c* E& |1 u" M4 Qhosted at
: P- y% {% @5 C3 g9 ]http://online.sagepub.com2 c( k, t+ g& ~: v! Z
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
- W8 h# N6 d" G1 y* O1 y2 zis a significant concern for physicians. Central
0 d# k, _5 Q- N+ c. j& u! Z( p! Gprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated; b5 B/ |; n, k1 c( b3 `8 o0 k4 Y
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
) Q3 i$ j+ E4 j3 n( J- _! L9 S8 @a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
0 r6 A. D! l, V! [* F; e9 wlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested" N% R# O' _$ @
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic1 b( ?1 p- h  U/ ^3 x1 t$ f& N
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
/ r$ Y+ Y$ g, Z$ }' y, U: bcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We$ Y0 p- x& ?! c1 g  u9 J( \
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ l. P0 E- @7 T/ Q  [" _/ h
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-  J0 H! K- d$ ^# k/ g$ O
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due- E. f3 ?- y1 v& k& O( A
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
9 v) P& i2 j$ Z+ b/ N, x) n; V3 vthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-6 s( Q; s9 f5 b- K7 ]8 X% e1 [
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
* h0 l2 p: |4 {! k; }5 Ychild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
1 B2 u1 Y0 A' Utestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
4 K! |$ I0 w9 N/ pbly more common than the rare case report in the5 c  {. F$ ]: Y  ~7 c
literature.46 \" h/ V0 n% I( a4 k6 W# ]
Patient Report/ g( c' a0 Y/ W; g( a7 j2 s
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the' ]  c! g2 }8 a. g9 I
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern3 K, P& k$ R* a8 Y
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
' S' y7 T6 w% `  n4 t6 X- slight colored pubic hair development when he was# y- T- I5 i1 R% P
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
( J0 U- U8 k" O. O% \2 B4 eSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.  k+ K% A  d$ J% C+ E& R
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
' I3 o' [( E7 k8 ]  _& K3 C7 OProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
0 ~- c" q  [& U8 s, PMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;/ t$ F9 {( I# [  I3 q* v, P
e-mail: [email protected].; y3 P! U7 V' }5 y
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became" ?6 U; O' c9 y
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-) q3 X' b7 d' t) j
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
4 o4 e7 S' D9 `' [, s( G$ `( iwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
3 X" C; I0 U% V) j/ u* U0 Ia birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
3 x1 `4 y* M* _* G20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year, D! w1 a: O3 o6 U( s0 \$ C  v6 |
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with1 U; F3 G4 L6 M. C& w! i
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
: |! E" n6 a) T1 Q5 M2 V9 s& P, Kand his psychosocial and psychomotor development
- [8 D5 b; D8 _# g/ e! i& }was age appropriate., Z/ ~- |) S! D3 N- K5 S
The family history was remarkable for the father,) X- Q. ?* m) e- k& H7 n: j7 Z8 Y9 a
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,' K( c0 O& \- B" u/ C' l
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
% ]! d( t( I! W+ A9 uheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
2 R3 |+ u5 [. Jearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
# `& V' Q3 z. o5 ~The father denied taking any other medication. The
; N8 X9 N0 {( ?3 F' kchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
* g7 H& z; X5 mwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
; Y5 \9 d6 J; s3 h5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-3 j, ]( F  L. j! p( A3 P
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
% R3 O0 ]+ F+ ?  `3 {tives. There were no siblings.) N8 M3 A/ C* z" q
Physical Examination. W# N2 m: a3 O1 ~! |1 g8 t
The physical examination revealed a very active,
) I( C+ Q! ?. G% q! D$ _1 wplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
8 ~- z7 E, C: l, h/ {; ]a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was# _" T4 z- i! W  Q4 E
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg" ^4 Z9 t- `* Y3 \
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth8 y% s+ X+ U  n
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
6 D8 y6 _1 z) @: j! V2 K2 U) ~, Lthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
- p! ^1 h. k" X  [$ EThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for, ]/ V2 f, P* X$ Q  {
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
9 w) W3 s4 Z8 a* a2 B  c8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well! D3 L( q0 ]# W
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
# j9 h" e8 K; S: P" G540# S( Q( E+ k; Z% @* E/ x" D& I" c
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
$ i5 J% F$ w0 qthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The) y7 P" R& M5 {1 p: `& E; y
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.% g0 Y; w! _3 y& ?( c1 `0 Y' h
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% @4 |1 k9 Q& j$ P  m
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
( L, L3 I( A$ r0 I# }abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.6 Y) \5 b* o7 f( _# V' v% P- E& Q
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+5 g/ c4 J& Q) W+ O+ v7 z+ h: K' X
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ W* F9 C' _$ e& g; e" xof papilledema.
+ \2 Y1 q" y0 A/ x# [  RLaboratory Evaluation
2 D- r* {$ @# T2 A& l7 OThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
2 U1 h' O( T4 Z5 Cusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
3 y+ b. k9 A& E" S3 n) Z! C4 nlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
+ P1 m, B5 f& B& Ukaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test. z' V  \' X" E9 B, r
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-% N. a% P; L. P# a( F5 _' w
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
+ O1 J3 Q: J+ |The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
" P! D  V3 O! W3 eurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
. ?7 p& \+ B7 j) x4 R- M3 Xwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
& D  }* {& j4 [7 h) l# ~of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
6 \5 a* p4 n" a& P& d/ G, k" D$ R(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20  U# N: w/ g& W1 {
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-0 y5 \2 i( Y$ A  r$ k
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
. r) D. v% w1 z5 r$ c4 w& zdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to+ l/ S, w1 v/ V3 h5 |7 g
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
# o3 ]* K0 h) j# xwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
' k. G; {& W4 M6 Y0 p% T1 h& Qtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
7 B% g# h/ ^+ Wtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),# a% F* V" n: j- D7 P4 m$ [
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
7 {( v7 s. B& h$ J! v4 K5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
3 w- L+ G2 o5 ~" X' p1 P0 i3 a) _stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
# a5 j/ }% V  [# y; f% Qconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL! N( D, m# P6 {. ]" P4 `
(prepubertal).
0 e% C# m# Y) \" P6 Q% gThe parents were notified about the laboratory, @9 h+ }4 L9 F8 [7 a
results and were informed that all of the tests were8 _3 E; |' ]3 _1 s  @
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
6 E0 C- b  l& Lfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to& O; N5 A6 D% K
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-, t9 G) E' {0 ~9 J9 T
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
5 ?, b( p! Z; a4 f. JPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
( Y) [( R" y# g9 O8 Achild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
  \9 C2 o- K4 p1 s2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained) U' T9 R. W$ N' L, X2 {
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 v- S) |( {9 A  n$ b+ w+ o
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at; q2 I, l' Z2 q/ D/ u
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
; f, J! K+ ^- p6 B' t7 Q; @mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
" w) A- C: y& ^( N( @8 ]7 C! [The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-, [! J: b. t2 B$ }$ p6 H
ing frequent erections.0 {& o. r# m# w& T* [; o8 b5 ]
Both parents were again questioned about use of
2 D+ \; c+ K) ~' {0 J; b: Pany ointment/creams that they may have applied to! s+ D6 m6 z. I7 G
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
/ h! b5 n; O+ Q1 f$ m3 o) MTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541( R# B" b8 S* w8 n: O
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-% X0 S5 ]7 ~+ G: t$ _! P
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for6 @0 `. H8 `* Q4 S6 w% U% v7 @
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
" S4 C5 K; L* g9 _, F2 Yto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-+ x$ e/ v/ r( _7 R+ h
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
) S2 X) {( {$ N! e) o8 tsecondary to depression.7 Z; t3 F% l0 d. Q2 g! u0 E! d5 B
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
! v% x% e* O: }4 O" K6 R' ZThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his9 C3 A* R4 u8 N9 @5 h+ O8 T
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-, l5 ]$ w3 A  y
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father." _0 O7 G8 L( ^* q# y
The father also admitted that after the phone call,( @& T1 B/ K, n. J8 N- E1 Q$ i
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
% q9 b7 p' A3 \8 r0 o1 `+ Mwas high, he then read the product information
. z. U. m! n6 h- ^7 v4 ~/ s2 Tpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
' `) i. C9 B! Oson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they. P; x7 Q/ x" F" n  m
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the( @5 Y' Y7 `' h' p. m
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
; X7 G- ^3 T/ M& Cbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone1 W# n6 k7 I" d" ^$ M
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the4 k3 F$ L* R7 D$ {
laboratory to obtain the test.
' u! n5 G1 h- z- v( _3 l2 [+ t8 R6 ADiscussion( v- I  `/ l0 p& c+ X9 D6 |
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
" s  S& M4 q# x6 O1 Asexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
' s" h% R- B$ ?5 R1 gPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when& Y$ q. f- o) p- `9 b5 H3 c
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
. C; h5 P9 W. p. athalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
, v, m2 j$ _/ smon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP; m- {" `3 O! |8 `8 H
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
9 ?/ x: |% l6 [% T8 {: V: P: Yresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
/ Z1 n; _+ e0 @0 oamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-" b/ W: l( z  E. ]; [
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in1 I& z5 x5 P# [  W0 _+ v
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-  E' }$ R) B- A* P& ~; Z
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-9 Q3 n& J, F# r3 \: \
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by8 p7 E0 }& V8 u4 l7 X  y! \
gonadotropins.1,3& L7 V' n0 j4 @
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-* K1 z: c$ v4 g" u9 }' W  w! A
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate: G4 ]( D4 H& H$ w" ~
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
3 y$ H3 G+ N0 _* vexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
$ Z) I( `; Y9 Z; ^ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing8 Z. Z& r# u; g: b2 G( ?
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
) h: U' d% V% x* U, Oadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
5 T! B  o$ Q3 \+ v3 p/ N, Dpuberty in boys.3,4" Z) I& `6 Q* T4 R
The most common form of congenital adrenal
, r( M  T8 ]. ~! khyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.3 ~* g/ B2 Z& k* C! z
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in- E3 o, r( x% l1 Y6 k
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
* L$ [6 F9 c! @an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
2 T3 G' _! v# h# p6 M- sexcess.1,3
: n) l0 s/ c# G; u2 ~$ O6 q, _! kat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
1 }& A8 Q  X! x( l542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
! |' ?$ R, L+ E# U$ o% P, OA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-& F2 d" O3 t2 S2 b& D7 a
independent precocious puberty, which is also known) j: |# P8 g) }4 Q
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
. V2 t2 V5 b) dvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
7 y: e9 Q# Q% G$ N' ~! Ewith this disorder are full pubertal development,
, [2 a) ?: R" `7 qincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys8 ^  D8 U) ?- ~) v
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder+ V8 v1 w( I# B- ]% T' Q% y
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show5 O+ ^$ {1 {3 J0 l* F, h
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 m- z# ~3 u4 f/ j% `0 L: X+ Hreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
# s" ?/ s7 n& p- S- Mautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
  I' L, J4 c$ L) Imales; therefore, other male members of the family
8 P' M1 s; D5 u: C% c- @* Omay have similar precocious puberty.30 n% [( s: g1 n, a& k* k: C7 m! J, Z
In our patient, physical examination was incon-9 v  V2 Q( w7 W: L5 i, x* f
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
* X: {7 Q# q! J  C, v1 Z1 m4 K1 dcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis6 G/ y) f8 o0 p% Z( s& M8 `. T
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
8 B; S! [  I1 S2 J# t! \started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally," i' ]5 m, Q* V) p: _' s/ i9 Q
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
4 P) ]9 N7 R1 M& Xbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
8 @8 k  T& b+ |8 V+ j  ?ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
% U8 l& W% Z1 h) z9 jbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
, K  g+ M  M3 u; @either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
) Z3 k! _. u; Z0 b, ideficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-  `0 n/ I' l+ V$ o' X* {9 _; m
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.% [5 v$ m3 a3 s+ `( S
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
: X  y5 l2 e( X$ C+ nsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
# g/ g$ b7 C9 k9 sthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
0 G% J6 a" F# jpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
. A' e; E! G5 C$ l9 d+ g- l5 Ddecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
% D1 D) G) o) B& J  R4 Fterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was+ }0 H' `' p# v" Y5 K7 d
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’& I1 W; w7 F. z. o5 Z
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
: N3 a) n6 `! q% Gcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
: y* l3 m( o$ Vunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
. z+ _. n4 Y. K, O1 e* HSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the# I- K0 h- i4 [. z6 Q! ?; |
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
5 e3 i. m1 L$ H: q" |0 ^, j6 m# @even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
9 \6 r+ L2 Q1 I6 W3 \) ^, x3 X) fpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
  C. B1 `1 f" N& ition site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; h9 v" e- M  e. K$ h
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL," o& D! A( i' s
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
* F0 K8 o! d4 p6 Mdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
2 P9 g8 i+ \1 V) V& t" Y1 p) [terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
9 g2 {1 f3 e8 H- ~( mactive in young children exposed to testosterone
" M/ h: P$ q2 q4 ~6 Fexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-+ R! f% a+ ^9 D( J; X/ S
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
% N# a! j5 {* i5 mvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in' Y& x# {+ }5 K6 J3 \, M) h
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
, J" u6 y) c/ Q- G8 iadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.$ z* N3 H5 F* \# V. `  l2 G( k
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
; l1 l3 l5 t- c, B9 m& iearly childhood on pubertal development and final! ^2 f0 x( ~, \# M) ?/ x
adult height are not fully known and always remain
' \0 H4 Y# n: ?' ?: P. \& fa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
5 L# J) o: @7 r+ J. vterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
. L' a9 n1 ], t1 l7 f$ `0 ~acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
- T2 M. t6 G4 d) z. b* Ecessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation9 \% B$ `( {8 T, C8 k+ t! ^" r
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
5 q( l/ m# \" z: o: tThere are conflicting reports and controversy2 r; y# _. f: j: s$ B, f
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
$ `+ I1 {' \5 a3 _$ L/ \9 rpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal; l, \7 ^+ j5 ?1 |- p$ x- t& E
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
. g# A5 _. G9 w( R' s8 Bulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,. ?8 \+ V( d3 Z3 \
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between+ y$ J2 i1 o# |' x! a+ t. W! z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
  c/ O2 o( d, U) J9 l: `penile length in clinical studies.
- L. K, J$ ^! w- ~# |$ {: sNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
( y. a- _, }3 u$ C5 D  S+ q+ ngoing to experience any of the untoward effects from5 t5 f5 U! k" l8 I! q
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
+ e  k  h9 i! vthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.! b9 x# f% W% {: `! [9 [* a
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of9 i& [) R) P8 X5 |* {6 T
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
, E) R: a. W' Y0 M1 wthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
) F+ V# Y0 D; b, aheight will not be affected.' e' ~1 L, A5 p
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
: o$ ^( L' p" B; R0 gability of androgen products in our society may
. b) f  X0 `. }: ~  |: T1 hindeed cause more virilization in male or female& c8 _0 K# D- u% c, _
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
/ Z+ Q- `# ~8 _8 z0 Qgen products must be considered and specific ques-
- d0 {. G2 z9 R5 ^tioning about the use of a testosterone product or3 D+ \; s. i/ ~. M
gel should be asked of the family members during2 B, Y7 w1 l# S5 P' }' }, i
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-7 K3 D1 A" o) E. ]0 K0 R
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
; M+ t7 M( L0 _- X4 J; @nosis can be established by just a few tests and by- B6 Y" g0 z4 H, ^1 K
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
/ \' \, G# v" V% T9 Ahistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may2 l& U+ l; r. @/ K
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive- d, _' s4 D4 u" j5 e
investigation. The primary care physician should be
  s% j9 j2 T5 T5 W; A  a% B$ A9 aaware of this fact, because most of these children
' Y( }9 ?& E5 Imay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
$ d, O: ?: x* U9 @/ SDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
2 [! J4 N# |; @warning about the virilizing effect on a male or& y7 h. m) g" n" `
female child who might come in contact with some-" q0 b: O& ^% |
one using any of these products., G6 ~- e) O) n
References
+ K9 W4 h+ C( ?4 R8 z5 z1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation; r) [" f% h$ F  M. h8 Q8 V6 Y" p
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
# j8 b- X  H- u6 V- M8 \Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;) Y& a, A  D6 a2 G8 _
2002: 565-628.
2 t0 Q; w& S. ?, q' ~6 ~2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious4 q$ r! H' E' |7 {
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

  \& G9 ^/ C. r2 H9 R% c精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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